Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

Thanks to their method, the researchers found that the growth rate of skyglow is much more sustained than previously predicted based on ob- servations in the 500-900 nanometer range, which provide average annual increases of about 2%. The global average in- crease calculated by the team is in fact 9.6%, al- most five times faster than previously believed. The two continental areas most polluted by artificial light, North America and Europe, see annual growth of 10.4% and 6.5%, respectively. Elsewhere, Globe at Night’s network coverage is less widespread, but it is inevitable that all the more densely populated areas contribute proportionally to light up the night sky. To give an idea of how worrying the current situation is, Kyba declares that if the skyglow continues to in- crease at the current rate, a child born in a place where there are 250 stars will be able to see no more than 100 on his/her 18 th birthday and will not see any more before reaching middle age. The skyglow problem is no less seri- ous than the pollution of the air we breathe or the plastic that accu- mulates in the seas and ends up in the food chain. All the great civiliza- tions of the past have developed thanks to the vision of the celestial vault and the cycli- cal phenomena it shows. Agriculture, herding, naviga- tion, and several other human activi- ties have benefited greatly from view- ing the night sky. We would know practically nothing about the universe if we hadn’t had the opportunity, until now, to ob- serve it and to ana- lyze the light that comes from every- thing in it. The stars have helped shape human culture for thousands of years. ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٩ اﻟﺘﻠـــــــــــــــــــــﻮث اﻟﻀـــــــــــــــــــــﻮﺋﻲﻫـــــــــــــــــــــﻮ اﻻﺳــــــــــﺘﺨﺪام ﻏــــــــــ اﻟﺴــــــــــﻠ ﻢ أو اﻟﻤﻔـــﺮط ﻟﻠﻀـــﻮء اﻻﺻـــﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ . ــــــــﻮن ﻟــــــــﮫ ﻋﻮاﻗــــــــﺐ ﻤﻜــــــــﻦ أن ﻳ ـــــــــﺔ ﺧﻄـــــــــ ة ﻋﻠـــــــــﻰ اﻟ ﺸــــــــــﺮ ﺑﻴﺌ ـ واﻟـ ــﺔ واﻟﻨ ﺎﺗــﺎت ، ﻤـﺎ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟ أﻧــﮫ ﻌﻴــﻖ ﻋﻠـــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ . ﺗﺸـــﻤﻞ ﻣ ﻮﻧـﺎت ﺗﻠــﻮث اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻣـﺎ ﻠــﻲ : ١ ( اﻟــــﻮﻫﺞ : اﻟﺴــــﻄﻮع اﻟﻤﻔــــﺮط ﺴـــ ﺐ إزﻋﺎﺟًـــﺎ ﺼـــﺮ ًﺎ اﻟـــﺬ .٢ ( اﻟــــــــــــﻮﻫﺞ اﻟﺴــــــــــــﻤﺎوي : ــــــــــــﺔ ﺗﻨﻘ ﺳـــــﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴــــــﻞ ﻓــــــﻮق اﻟﻤﻨــــــﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺄﻫﻮﻟـــﺔ ؛ ٣ ( ﺗﺸـــﺘﺖ اﻟﻀـــﻮء : ـــــﻮن ـــــﺚﻻ ﻳ ﺴــــﻘﻂ اﻟﻀـــــﻮء ﺣ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌـــــــﺎ أو ﻻ داﻋـــــــﻲ ﻟـــــــﮫ ؛ ٤ ( اﻟﻔﻮﺿـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ : ﻰ اﻟﺘ ﻤﻌـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺎت اﻟﺴـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺎﻃﻌﺔ و اﻟﻤﺮ ﻜـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ واﻟﻤﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺎدراﻟﻀﻮء . ـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺻﻮرة رﻣﺰ ﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬـﮫ اﻟﻌﺪ اﻟﻬـﻮاة اﻟﻴـﻮم ﻋﻨــﺪ ــﺎﻟﻨﺠﻮم ـــﺔ اﻟﺴــﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﺻـــﻌﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗ . ﻓـــﻲﻛﺜـــ ﻣﻦ اﻷ ﺣ ﺣ ﺎن ﺗﺴﻠﻖ اﻟ ـ ﺠ ﺎل اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻻ ﻜﻔﻲ . ﺑﻔﻀ ــﻞ ﻃـــﺮﻳﻘﺘﻬﻢ وﺟـــﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻮﻫﺞ اﻟﺴﻤﺎوي أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳـﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌًﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎدًا إﱃ اﻷرﺻ ـﺎد ﰲ ﻧﻄ ـﺎق ٥٠٠ - ٩٠٠ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ زﻳﺎدات ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮاﱄ ٢٪ . إن ا ﺘﻮﺳـﻂ اﻟﻌـﺎ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳـﺎدة اﻟﺬي ﺣﺴﺒﻪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻫـﻮ ٩.٦ ٪ وﻫﻮ أﴎع ﺑﺨﻤﺲ ﻣﺮات ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻛ ـﺎن ﻳُﻌﺘﻘ ـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﺗﺸ ـﻬﺪ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺘ ـﺎن اﻟﻘﺎرﻳﺘـﺎن اﻷﻛﺜ ـﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺛ ًـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀــﻮء اﻻﺻــﻄﻨ ﺎﻋﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وأوروﺑﺎ ﻧﻤـﻮًا ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﺑﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ١٠.٤ ٪ و ٦.٥ ٪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻮاﱄ . ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑـﺄن ﺗﻐﻄﻴـﺔ ) ﺷــﺒﻜﺔ ﻏﻠﻮﺑــﺎل ات ﻧﺎﻳــﺖ ( ﺗﻜـﻮن أﻗـﻞ اﻧﺘﺸـﺎرً ا ، وﻟﻜـﻦ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺤـﺘﻢ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ ا ﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ا ﻜﺘﻈـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴـﻜﺎن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﰲ إﺿﺎءة ﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪى اﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﻳﻘﻮل ( ﻛﻴﺒــﺎ ) أﻧ ـﻪ إذا اﺳـﺘﻤﺮ اﻟ ـﻮﻫﺞ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎوي ــــــــ ﰲ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺑﺎ ﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ، ﻓﺈن اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ا ﻮﻟـﻮد ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ٢٥٠ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣـﻦ رؤﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ١٠٠ ﻋﻴﰲ ﻧﺠﻢ ﺪ ﻣﻴﻼده اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻟو ﻋﴩ ﺮى ﻳ ﻜﻦ ﻟﻦ أي ﳾء آﺧﺮ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺑﻠـﻮغ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ . إن ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﻫﺞ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎوي ـــ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺧﻄﻮرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺬي ﻧﺘﻨﻔﺴﻪ أو اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﻟﺬي ﻳﱰاﻛﻢ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر وﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴـﺔ . ﺗﻄـﻮرت ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرات اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ا ﺎﴈ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺮؤﻳـﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ واﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﺪورﻳﺔ ا ﺸﺎﻫﺪة . ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ـــــ ﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدت اﻟﺰراﻋـﺔ واﻟﺮﻋﻲ وا ﻼﺣﺔ واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺸـﻄﺔ ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻹﻧﺴـﺎن اﻷﺧﺮى ﻛﺒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﺳـﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴـﻞ . ﻟـﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﻧﻌـﺮف أي ﳾء ﻋ ـﻦ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻣ ـﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﻔﺮﺻـــﺔ ﺣﺘـــﻰ اﻵن ﻟﺮﺻﺪ وﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟﺬي ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛـﻞ ﳾء . ﻓﻴــﻪ ﻟﻘــﺪ ﺳــﺎﻋﺪت اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم اﻟﺴــﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺸــــﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓــــﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻵﻻف اﻟﺴﻨ . ﻣﺎرس أﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2023