Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

A 45 myriad of stars is revealed behind the faint orange glow of the Sh2-54 nebula in this new infrared image. Located in the constellation Ser- pens, this stunning stellar nursery has been captured in all its intricate detail using the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) based at ESO’s Paranal Ob- servatory in Chile. When the ancients looked up at the night sky they saw random patterns in the stars. The Greeks, for in- stance, named one of these “con- stellations” Serpens, because of its resemblance to a snake. What they wouldn’t have been able to see is that at the tail end of this constel- lation there is a wealth of stunning astronomical objects. These include    MARCH-APRIL 2023 ﺻﻮرة ﺎﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻤﺮ ـﻲ ﻟﺴـﺪ ﻢ Sh2-54 ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬـﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮب اﻟﻤﺴـﺢ ) ﻓـﻲ إل ﺗـﻲ ( ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺮﺻــﺪ ﺎراﻧــﺎل اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟـــ ﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑــﻲ اﻟـــﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﺗﺸــ ﻠﻲ . ــﻮن ــﺔ ، ﺗ ﻓــﻲﻫــﺬﻩ اﻷﻃــﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻨ ﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ ﻢﺻﺎﻓ ﺔ ، ﻤﺎ أنﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻐ ﺎر واﻟﻐﺎزﺗﺤﺠﺐﺿﻮء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم داﺧﻠﻬﺎ وﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ . [ESO] ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﺳـﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻨﴪـ ، وأوﻣﻴﻐـﺎ )و (Sh2- 54 ﺗـﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ آﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺿﻮء ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﰲ ﺻـﻮرة اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ا ﺬﻫﻠـﺔ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺴـﺪم ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﻮم ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم . ﺳـﻤﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﺪ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟﺴـﺎم اﻟﺒﺎﻫﺘﺔ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ راﺋﻌﺔ . ﻳُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻫﻨـﺎ ، واﻟـﺬي ﻳﺒﻌـﺪ ﺣـﻮاﱄ ٦٠٠٠ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ، رﺳﻤﻴًﺎ اﺳﻢ ) (Sh2-54 ﺗﺸ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "Sh " إﱃ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺳﺘﻴﻮارت ﺷﺎرﺑﻠﺲ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺎم ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻦ ٣٠٠ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﰲ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻘـﺮن ﺎﴈا . ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ا ﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻜﻮن ، ﻳﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ . أﺣﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ ﻣـﺎ وراء اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﺘﺸﻔﻪ أﻋﻴﻨﻨﺎ ، ﻣﺜﻞ ﺿﻮء اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء . ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟﺜﻌﺒـﺎن ، اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺪ ﻳﻢ ﻃﻮر اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﲆ اﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر ﺿﻮء اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﺘـﻪ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ أﻓﻀـﻞ ، ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻤﻨـﺎ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ أدوات اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻮن . ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺮﺋﻲ ﺑﺴﻬﻮ ﻟﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳـﻄﺔ ﺳـﺤﺐ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر ﰲ اﻟﺴﺪم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻀﻮء اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ا ﺮور ﻋﱪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر دون ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ . وﻫﻜﺬا ﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺛﺮوة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﺧﻠـﻒ ﺣﺠـﺎب اﻟﻐﺒﺎر . إن ﻫﺬا ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﰲ دور اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ أﻛﱪ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ﰲ ﺿـﻮء اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜـﺎﻣ ا اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ دﻗﺘﻬﺎ ٦٧ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺑﻜﺴﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺎ ﻫـﺬا ﻣﴩـوع ﻣﺘﻌـﺪد اﻟﺴﻨﻮات وﻗﺪ رﺻﺪ ﻣـﺮارًا ﺟـﺰءًا ﻛﺒـ ًا ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺠـﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ أﻃـﻮال ﻣﻮﺟـﺎت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟ ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ . ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اً ﻻ ﻳﺤﴡ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺧﻠـﻒ اﻟـﻮﻫﺞ اﻟﱪﺗﻘـﺎﱄ اﻟﺒﺎﻫــﺖ ﻟ ﻠ ﺴـﺪﻳﻢ ا ﺴﻤﻰ ) (Sh2-54 ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼ ﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪة ﻟﻸﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤــﺮاء ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘـ ﺎط ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺤﻀﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﴎﺑﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ا ﻌﻘـﺪة ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ا ﺴـﺢ ا ﺮﺋ ـﻲ واﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻟﻌﻠـﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ) ﻓﻴﺴـﺘﺎ ( ا ﻮﺟـﻮد ﰲ ﻣﺮ ﺻﺪ ﺑﺎراﻧـﺎل اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑـﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ . ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻘـﺪﻣﺎء إﱃ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء رأوا أﺷﻜﺎﻻً ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم . ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜﺎل أﻃﻠﻖ اﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﻋـﲆ واﺣـﺪة اﻷﺑﺮاج " ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه " اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن ، ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻬﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن . ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻣﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ذﻳﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﺔ ﺛـﺮوة ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ا ﺬﻫﻠﺔ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴـﺪم ــ ٤٥ ﻣﺎرس أﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2023 ﻣﺠﺮة ﺠﺮة