Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

ining only about a millionth of the stars contained in our gal- axy, it goes without saying that there are very probably billions of planets in the Milky Way, a non-negligible part of which are likely placed in the habit- able zone of their stars. It is not unreasonable to assume that millions of biospheres may exist in the Milky Way alone. In this case, an alien technological civ- ilization that had already dis- covered many of them and was located more than 200 light- years from the Earth (the limit beyond which the traces of in- dustrialization are not evident) would have, for our planet, only a statistical interest. At this point, it is evident that the solutions to the Fermi para- dox can be most disparate, from the non-existence of life beyond the Earth, up to a multitude of biospheres and technological civilizations in our own galaxy. Whichever scenario is closest to reality, the bleak silence that surrounds us, however, seems destined to last much longer. But the truth could be even gloomier than it appears if the hypothesis of the “Great Filter” were valid, a sort of barrier that prevents the development of civilizations lasting over time. This hypothesis, formulated a quarter of a century ago by Robin Hanson, essentially states that the scientific theories that consider the development of advanced intelligent life highly probable are excessively opti- mistic, and already reaching our level of development would be something exceptional and ephemeral. In other words, hu- manity could become extinct before being able to get in touch with another technologi- Five billion years of solitude — The search for life among the stars Since its formation nearly five billion years ago, our planet has been the sole living world in a vast and silent universe. But over the past two decades, astronomers have discovered thou- sands of “exoplanets,” including some that could be similar to our own world, and the pace of discovery is accelerating. In a fascinating account of this unfolding revolution, Lee Billings draws on interviews with the world’s top experts in the search for life beyond earth. He reveals how the search for exoplanets is not only a scientific challenge, but also a reflection of our culture’s timeless hopes, dreams, and fears. Out there — A scientific guide to alien life ... Out There is arranged in a simple question-and-answer format. Extraterrestrial Languages (The MIT Press) If we send a message into space, will extraterrestrial beings re- ceive it? Will they understand? The endlessly fascinating ques- tion of whether we are alone in the universe has always been accompanied by another, more complicated one: if there is ex- traterrestrial life, how would we communicate with it? In this book, Daniel Oberhaus leads readers on a quest for extraterres- trial communication. Exploring Earthlings' various attempts to reach out to non-Earthlings over the centuries, he poses some not entirely answerable questions: If we send a message into space, will extraterrestrial beings receive it? Will they under- stand? What languages will they speak? Is there not only a uni- versal grammar, but also a grammar of the universe? Solving Fermi's paradox The search for extra-terrestrial intelligence (SETI) has for sixty cal civilization. The answers are delivered in Dr. Wall's informal but informative style, which mixes in a healthy dose of humor and pop culture to make big ideas easier to swallow. Dr. Wall covers questions far beyond alien life, venturing into astronomy, physics, and the years attempted to solve Fermi's paradox: if intelligent life is rel- atively common in the universe, where is everybody? Examining SETI through this lens, this volume summarizes current think- ing on the prevalence of intelligent life in the universe, and dis- practical realities of what long-term life might be like for we cusses sixty-six distinct solutions to the so-called paradox. It de- MARCH-APRIL 2023 mere humans in outer space, such as the idea of lunar colonies, and even economic implications. Dr. Wall also shares the in- sights of some of the leading lights in space exploration today, and shows how the next space age might be brighter than ever. scribes the methodology of SETI, and how many disciplines feed into the debate, from physics and biology, to philosophy and an- thropology. This comprehensive introduction to SETI concludes by looking at the future of the field and speculating on human- ity's potential fate .  ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻣﺎرس أﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2023 ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺤﺺ ﺣﻮاﱄ ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ ا ﻠﻴـﻮن ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨـﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻮل أن ﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤـﻞ ﺟـﺪاً وﺟﻮد ﺑﻼﻳ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ وﻣﻦ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺟﺰء ﻏ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدًا ﰲ ا ﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﺣﻮل . ﺎﻬ ﻧﺠﻮﻣ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻣـﻦ ﻏـ ا ﻌﻘــﻮل اﻓــﱰاض وﺟــﻮد ﻣﻼﻳــ ا ﺤﻴﻄﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ، وﺣـﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﻳﻔــﱰض ان اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗـﺪ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ و اﻧﻬﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﺑﻌﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ٢٠٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض ) اﻟﺤــﺪ اﻟــ ﺬي ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ آﺛــﺎر اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﻌـﺪه ( وﻫـﺬه ﻟﻴﺴـﺖ ﺳـﻮى إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻼ . ﻫﺘﻤـﺎم ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ أن اﻟﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑ ﻤﻔﺎرﻗﺔ ﻓ ﻣﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗ ﻜـﻮن أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋـﺪم وﺟـﻮد اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة ﺧـﺎرج اﻷرض ، إﱃ اﻟﻌﺪﻳــﺪ ﻣــﻦ ا ﺤﻴﻄــﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺤﻀـﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ﰲ . ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ أﻳﻬﻤﺎ أﻗﺮب إﱃ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ، ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﺼ ـﻤﺖ اﻟﻜﺌﻴ ـﺐ اﻟ ـﺬي ﻳﺤ ـﻴﻂ ﺑﻨ ـﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻔﱰة أﻃـﻮل ﻟﻜـﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺂﺑـﺔ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﺗﺒـﺪو ﻋﻠﻴﻪ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ " اﻟﻔﻠﱰ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ " ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ، وﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻄﻮر ا ﻟﺤﻀﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪوم ﻣـﻊ ﻣـﺮور اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ، ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻔﺮﺿـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺻﺎﻏﻬﺎ روﺑﻦ ﻫﺎﻧﺴﻮن ﻗﺒﻞ رﺑـﻊ ﻗـﺮن ﺗﻨﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﳼ ﻋﲆ أن اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ا ﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ أﻣﺮًا ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻼً ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻔــﺎؤل وأن اﻟﻮﺻــﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌــﻞ إﱃ ﻣﺴــﺘﻮى ﺗﻄﻮرﻧــﺎ ﺳــﻴﻜﻮن ﺷــﻴﺌًﺎ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴًﺎ وﴎﻳﻊ اﻟﺰوال . ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﻰ آﺧـﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﻘﺮض اﻟﺤﻀـﺎرة اﻷرﺿـﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺗﺼـﺎل ﺑﺤﻀـﺎرة ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى . ﻟﻐﺎتﺧﺎرج ﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض ) ﻣﻄ ﻌﺔ إم أي ﺗﻲ ( إذا أرﺳــــﻠﻨﺎ رﺳـــــﺎﻟﺔ إﻟـــــﻰ اﻟﻔﻀـــــﺎء ، ﻓﻬـــــﻞﺳﺘﺴـــــﺘﻘ ﻠﻬﺎ اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨـــــﺎت ﻻ اﻟﻔﻀــــــﺎﺋ ﺔ؟ ﻫــــــﻞﺳــــــ ﻔﻬﻤﻮن؟ إن اﻟﺴــــــﺆال اﻟﻤــــــﺬﻫﻞ اﻟــــــﺬ ـﺎن داﺋﻤًـﺎ ﻣﺼــ ــﻮن ـﺔ ﻟـﮫ ﺣـﻮل ﻣـﺎ إذا ﻛﻨـﺎ وﺣـﺪﻧﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺤﻮ ًﺎ ــــﺪًا ﺴـــﺆال آﺧــــﺮأﻛــــ ﺗﻌﻘ : ــــﺎة ﺧــــﺎرج ﻮﻛــــﺐ إذا ﺎﻧـــﺖﻫﻨــــﺎك ﺣ ــﻒ ﻧﺘﻮاﺻــﻞ ﻣﻌﻬــﺎ؟ اﻷرض، ﻓﻜ ﻘــﻮد ﻫــﺬا اﻟﻜﺘـﺎب اﻟﻘــﺮاء ﻓــﻲ ــﺔ رﺣﻠـﺔ ﺑﺤــﺚ ﻋــﻦ اﺗﺼـﺎﻻتﺧﺎرﺟ . إذا أرﺳـﻠﻨﺎ رﺳـﺎﻟﺔ إﻟــﻰ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء ّـﺔ ﺳـ ﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮﻧﻬﺎ؟ أﻟـ ﺲﻫﻨـﺎك ﻗﻮاﻋـﺪ أﺣﺎد ﻣﺎ ﻫـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺎت اﻟـ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ، ﺑﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك أ ﻀًﺎ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻟﻠ ﻮن؟ ﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻠ ﺎراتﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ - اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ـ ﻋﻦ اﻟ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺤ ﺎة ﺑ ـﺎن ﻮﻛ ﻨـﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗ ﻮ ﻨﮫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻠ ﺎرات ﺳـﻨﺔ ، ﻫــﻮ اﻟﻌــﺎﻟﻢ ــﺎن اﻟﻤ ــﺪ ﻓــﻲﻋــﺎﻟﻢﺷﺎﺳــﻊ وﺻــﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﻮﺣ . وﻟﻜـــﻦ ﺧــــــــــﻼل اﻟﻌﻘــــــــــﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿــــــــــﻴ ، اﻛﺘﺸــــــــــﻒﻋﻠﻤــــــــــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــــــــــﻚ آﻻف " اﻟ ﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﻨ ﻤ ﺔ " ﻤﻜﻦ أن ، ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲذﻟﻚ ﻌﺾاﻟ ﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟ ـــﻮن ﻣﺸــــﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟ ﺗ ﻌﺎﻟﻤﻨـــﺎ ، وﺗﺘﺴــــﺎرع وﺗـــ ة اﻻﻛﺘﺸــــﺎف . ﻜﺸــــﻒ اﻟﻜﺘــﺎب ـــﻒ أن اﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﻋـــﻦ اﻟ ﻮاﻛــﺐ ﻛ ـــﺔ ﻧ ﻤ ﻟــ ﺲﻓﻘـــﻂ ﺗﺤـــﺪ ًﺎ ـــــــــﺎسﻵﻣـــــــــﺎل ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻨـــــــــﺎ وأﺣﻼﻣﻬــــــــــﺎ ًـــــــــﺎ ، وﻟﻜﻨـــــــــﮫ أ ﻀًـــــــــﺎ اﻧﻌ ﻋﻠﻤ وﻣﺨﺎوﻓﻬﺎ . ﻟﻐﺎتﺧﺎرج ﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض ) ﻣﻄ ﻌﺔ إم أي ﺗﻲ ( إذا أرﺳــــــﻠﻨﺎ رﺳــــــﺎﻟﺔ إﻟــــــﻰ اﻟﻔﻀــــــﺎء ﻓﻬــــــﻞﺳﺘﺴــــــﺘﻘ ﻠﻬﺎ اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨــــــﺎت ﻻ اﻟﻔﻀــــــﺎﺋ ﺔ؟ ﻫــــــﻞﺳــــــ ﻔﻬﻤﻮن؟ إن اﻟﺴــــــﺆال اﻟﻤــــــﺬﻫﻞ اﻟــــــﺬ ـﺎن داﺋﻤًـﺎ ﻣﺼــﺤﻮ ًﺎ ــﻮن ـﺔ ﻟـﮫ ﺣـﻮل ﻣـﺎ إذا ﻛﻨـﺎ وﺣـﺪﻧﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟ ﻧﻬﺎ ــــﺪًا ﺴـــﺆال آﺧــــﺮأﻛــــ ﺗﻌﻘ : ــــﺎة ﺧــــﺎرج ﻮﻛــــﺐ إذا ﺎﻧـــﺖ ﻫﻨــــﺎك ﺣ اﻷر ــﻒ ﻧﺘﻮاﺻــﻞ ﻣﻌﻬــﺎ؟ ض، ﻓﻜ ﻘــﻮد ﻫــﺬا اﻟﻜﺘـﺎب اﻟﻘــﺮاء ﻓــﻲ ــﺔ رﺣﻠـﺔ ﺑﺤــﺚ ﻋــﻦ اﺗﺼـﺎﻻتﺧﺎرﺟ . إذا أرﺳـﻠﻨﺎ رﺳـﺎﻟﺔ إﻟــﻰ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء ّـﺔ ﺳـ ﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮﻧﻬﺎ؟ أﻟـ ﺲﻫﻨـﺎك ﻗﻮاﻋـﺪ أﺣﺎد ﻣﺎ ﻫـﻲ اﻟﻠﻐـﺎت اﻟـ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ، ﺑﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك أ ﻀًﺎ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻟﻠ ﻮن؟ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ ﻓ ﻣﻲ ﺣـﺎول ﻣﺸــﺮوع ـﺎء ﺧـﺎ اﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﻋــﻦ ذ رج اﻷرض ( ﺳـ ) ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻣــﺪار ﻋﺎﻣًــﺎ ﺣـــﻞ ﻣﻔﺎرﻗــﺔ ﻓ ﻣــﻲ ﺳــﺘ : إذا ﺎﻧـــﺖ اﻟــ ـ ـــﺔ ذات ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﺬﻛ ـﻮن ، أﻳـﻦ اﻟـ ﺻـﻠﺔ ﺷـﺎﺋﻊ ﻓـﻲ اﻟ ـ ﻤﻴﻊ؟ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻓﺤـﺺ ﻣﺸـﺮوع ﺳـ ﻠﺨـﺺﻫــﺬا اﻟﻜﺘــﺎب اﻟﺘﻔﻜــ اﻟــ ـ ﺤﺎﻟﻲﺣــﻮل اﻧﺘﺸــﺎراﻟــ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ﺣــــﻼً ﻣﺘﻤـــــ ًا ﻟﻤـــــﺎ ـــــﻮن ، و ﻨــــﺎﻗﺶﺳـــــﺘﺔ وﺳـــــﺘ ــــﺔ ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟ اﻟﺬﻛ ﺴــــﻤﻰ ﺎﻟﻤﻔﺎرﻗــــﺔ اﻟﻨﻈــــﺮإ و. ﻟـــــﻰﻣﺴــــﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺠــــﺎل واﻟـــــﺘ ﻬﻦ ﺎﻟﻤﺼ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻧ ﺔ .