Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

40 end in 2026, and it is all too easy to bet on the negative outcome of this initiative: there seems to be no valid reason why some- one would take the initiative to send us a signal, and it is terribly unlikely to find ourselves on the path of signals (especially lasers) not specifically sent to us. Absurdly, our cosmic solitude could continue for a very long time even if there were millions or billions of planets on which life blossomed. This is what Amri Wandel, of the Racah In- stitute of Physics, Hebrew Uni- versity of Jerusalem, says in an article recently published on arXiv. In proposing his solution to the Fermi paradox, Wandel argues that if life were wide- spread, existing technological civilizations would not pay par- ticular attention to planets that simply host it. It does not seem reasonable that someone sends signals to a huge number of planets that show only biosig- natures, whose living species could be at any evolutionary level between microbes and a pre-industrial civilization. For us Earthlings, discovering that an exoplanet has a bios- phere would be an epochal dis- covery, but we must consider that our ability to do so is just getting started, and we don’t have the faintest idea of how many we could find out there. We are in a situation similar to the one we were in during the early 1990s, when the existence of extrasolar planets seemed obvious, but it was a belief not supported by any observational evidence. To date, approximately 5,300 extrasolar planets have been confirmed in over 3,900 plane- tary systems. Considering that they were discovered by exam- Astrobiology — The search for life elsewhere in the Universe Are we alone in the Universe, or are there as many planets sup- porting life as there are stars in the sky? It’s one of the most important and fascinating questions human beings can ponder, and astrobiology is the emerging field of science that tries to an- swer it. Astronomer Rhodri Evans gives an expert overview of our current state of knowledge, looking at how life started on Earth, considering other places in the Solar System that might harbor life, then discussing possible Earth-like ‘exoplanets’ orbit- ing stars further out into our galaxy - and what future missions and studies will tell us about extraterrestrial life there. A brief introduction to the search for extra-terrestrial life This book provides an introduction, from the astronomical point of view of the author, to the exciting search for extra-terrestrial life, and an overview of the current status of research into ‘alien’ life in the Solar System and beyond. It also explores the The Contact Paradox — Challenging our Assumptions in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence In The Contact Paradox, author Keith Cooper looks at how far SETI has come since its modest beginnings, and where it is going, by speaking to the leading names in the field and be- yond. SETI forces us to confront our nature in a way that we seldom have before - where did we come from, where are we going, and who are we in the cosmic context of things? This book considers the assumptions that we make in our search for extraterrestrial life, and explores how those assumptions can teach us about ourselves. All these worlds are yours— The scientific search for alien life Where would you look for alien life? An astronomer and science popularizer explains the basics of astrobiology to outline five plausible scenarios for finding extraterrestrials. Willis looks be- yond our solar system, investigating the top candidates for a potential future human exploration of the Moon and Mars. Up-to-date with the latest developments in the field and ac- companied by key references for further study, it is a fantastic introduction to the field of astrobiology for non-science majors taking an elective module, in addition to undergraduates study- ing physics with an interest in this area. “second Earth” in a myriad of exoplanets and imagining the case of a radio signal arriving from deep space. Covering the most up-to-date research, this accessibly written book provides readers with the basic knowledge necessary to decide where they would look for alien life. ٤٠ ﻫﺬه اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋـﺎم ٢٠٢٦ وﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺟﺪاً ا ﺮاﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه ا ﺒـﺎدر ة ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ وﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺎ ﺒـ ﺑ ﺎدرة ﺑ ﺈرﺳﺎل إﺷﺎرة إﻟﻴﻨﺎ وﻣﻦ ﻏـ ا ـﺮﺟﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ أن ﻧﺠـﺪ أﻧﻔﺴـﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺴـﺎر اﻹﺷﺎرات ) ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﺰر ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳـﺘ ﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ إﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻤــﻞ ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﺗﺴــﺘﻤﺮ وﺣــﺪﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﻼﻳ أو ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺘـﻲ ازدﻫﺮت اﻟﺤﻴﺎ ة ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ أﻣﺮي واﻧ ـﺪل ﻣ ـﻦ ﻣﻌﻬ ـﺪ راﺗ ـﺶ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳ ـﺎء اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﱪﻳـﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻘـﺪس ﰲ ﻣﻘـﺎل ﻧُﴩ ﻣـﺆﺧﺮًا ﻋـﲆ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ arXiv . ﻋﻨـﺪ اﻗﱰاح ﺣﻠـﻪ ﻔﺎرﻗـﺔ ﻓ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺠـﺎدل واﻧﺪل ﺑﺄﻧ ﻪ إذا ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻣﻨﺘﴩة ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄــﺎق واﺳــﻊ ﻓ ــﺈن اﻟﺤﻀـــﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗـﻮﱄ اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣًـﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻًـﺎ ﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻀـﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪو ﻣﻦ ا ﻌﻘﻮل أن ﻳﺮﺳـﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ إﺷﺎرات إﱃ ﻋﺪد ﻫﺎﺋـﻞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨـﺎت ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻧﻮاﻋﻬـﺎ اﻟﺤﻴ ـﺔ ﰲ أي ﻣﺴ ـﺘﻮى ﺗﻄ ـﻮري ﺑــ ا ﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت وﺣﻀﺎرة ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺼـﻨﺎ . ﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨـﺎ ﻧﺤـﻦ أﺑﻨـﺎء اﻷرض ، ﻓـﺈن اﻛﺘﺸﺎف أن ﻛﻮﻛﺒًـﺎ ﻧﺠﻤﻴـﺎً ﻟـﻪ ﻏـﻼ ف ﺣﻴﻮي ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓًﺎ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴًﺎ ، وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻌﺘﱪ أن ﻗـﺪرﺗ ﻨﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪأت ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ، وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ أدﻧـﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌـﺪد اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ اﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺑ ﺎﻛﺘﺸ ـﺎ . ﻓﻪ ﻧﺤــﻦ ﰲ وﺿ ـﻊ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺿـﻊ اﻟـﺬ ي ﻛﻨـﺎ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺧـﻼل أواﺋـﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪا وﺟﻮد اﻟﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺧـﺎرج ا ﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ واﺿـﺤًﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻛﺎن اﻋﺘﻘـﺎد اً ﻻ ﻳﺪﻋﻤـﻪ أي دﻟﻴـﻞ رﺻﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗـﻢ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻵن ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪ وﺟﻮد ﺣـﻮاﱄ ٥,٣٠٠ ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﻧﺠﻤـﻲ ﰲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ٣,٩٠٠ ﻧﻈﺎم . ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻲ ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل - اﻓ اﺿﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻋﻦ ذ ﺎء ﺧﺎرج ﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض ـﮫ وﺻـﻞ إﻟ اﻟـﺬ ـﻮﺑﺮ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤـﺪ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻛ ﺚ ﻣﺸـﺮوع ﺳ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺪا ﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺿﻌﺔ وإﻟﻰ أﻳﻦ ﺘﺠـﮫ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﻓﻲﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل وﻣﺎ ﻌﺪﻩ . ﻳﺠ ﺎ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺳ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻃﺒ ﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﻄﺮ ﻘﺔ ﻧﺎدراً ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﺘﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ - ـﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻦ أﺗ ﻨﺎ ، وإﻟﻰ أﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺠﮫ ، وﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴـ ﺎق اﻟ ﻧﺘﺨـﺬﻫﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺑﺤﺜﻨـﺎ ﻟﻸﺷ ﺎء؟ ﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻻﻓ اﺿﺎت اﻟ ـــــﺎة ﺧـــــﺎرج ﻋـــــﻦ ﺣ ـــــﻒ ﻤﻜــــــﻦ أن ﻮﻛــــــﺐ اﻷرض، و ﺴﺘﻜﺸـــــﻒﻛ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻻﻓ اﺿﺎت ﻋﻦ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ . ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣ ﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ - اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ﻓﻲﻣ ﺎن آﺧﺮﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮن ﻫـــﻞ ﻧﺤـــﻦ وﺣـــﺪ ﺗـــﺪﻋﻢ ـــﻮن ، أم أن ﻋـــﺪد اﻟ ﻮاﻛـــﺐ اﻟـــ ﻧﺎ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟ ـ اﻟـــــ ﺤ ﺎة ﺴـــــﺎويﻋـــــﺪد اﻟﻨﺠـــــﻮم ﻓـــــﻲ اﻟﺴـــــ ﻤﺎء؟ إﻧـــــﮫ أﺣـــــﺪ أﻫــــــﻢ اﻷﺳــﺌﻠﺔ ـــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜـــﻲ ﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﺘﺄﻣﻠﻬـــﺎ اﻟ ﺸـــﺮ، وﻋﻠــﻢ اﻷﺣ اﻟـــ ـــﮫ ـــﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻳﺤـــﺎول اﻹﺟﺎ ﻫــﻮ ﻣﺠـــﺎل اﻟﻌﻠـــﻮم اﻟﻨﺎﺷـــﺊ اﻟــﺬ . ﻘـــﺪم ﻋــــــﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــــــﻚ رودري إ ﻔــــــﺎﻧﺰ ﻧﻈــــــﺮة ﻋﺎﻣــــــﺔ ﺧﺒــــــ ة ﻋﻠــــــﻰﺣﺎﻟــــــﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨـــﺎ ـ اﻟـــ ﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ، وﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸـــﺔ اﺣﺘﻤـــﺎل وﺟـــﻮد " ﻮاﻛـــﺐ ـــﺔ ﻧ ﻤ " ـــــــــﺎﻷرض ﺷـــــــــﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﻓـــــــــﻲ - ﻣﺠﺮﻨـــــــــﺎ وﻣـــــــــﺎذا ﺳـــــــــﺘﺨ ﺎ اﻟ ﻌﺜـــــــــﺎت واﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘ ﻠ ﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ﺧﺎرج ﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض . ﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻮاﻟﻢ ﻣﻠ ﻚ - اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ـ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ ـــﺎء ﺸــﺮح ﻋــﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚواﻟﻌﻠــﻢ اﻟﻤﺸــﻬﻮرأﺳﺎﺳـــ ﺎتﻋﻠــﻢ اﻷﺣ اﻟﻔﻠﻜـــﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﺿـــﻴﺢ ﻤﺴـــﺔ ﺳـــ ﻨﺎر ﻮﻫﺎت ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟـــﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜـــﻮرﻋﻠـــﻰ ﺎﺋﻨـﺎت ﻓﻀـﺎﺋ ﺔ . ﻨﻈــﺮو ﻠـ ﺲ إﻟــﻰﻣــﺎ وراء ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨــﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺴــﻲ ، ﻟـــ ﺎﺣﺜًــﺎ ﻋــﻦ أﻓﻀــﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷــﺤ " ــﺔ أرض ﺛﺎﻧ " ﻓــﻲﻋــﺪد ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼــﻰ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟ ﻮاﻛـــﺐ ــــﺔ اﻟﻨ ﻤ و ﺘﺨﻴـــﻞﺣﺎﻟــــﺔ إﺷـــﺎرة رادﻳــــﻮ ﻗﺎدﻣـــﺔ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎء اﻟﺴـــﺤﻴﻖ . ﻐﻄــﻲ اﻟﻜﺘـــﺎب أﺣـــﺪث اﻷﺑﺤــﺎث و ﻤـــﺪ اﻟﻘـــﺮاء ﺳﻴﺒﺤﺜﻮن ﻓ ﮫ ﺎﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪ ﺪ اﻟﻤ ﺎن اﻟﺬ ـ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ . ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺰة ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣ ﺎة ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض ــﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟــﻒ ﻘــﺪم ﻫــﺬا اﻟﻜﺘــﺎبﻣﻘﺪﻣــﺔ ﻣــﻦ وﺟﻬــﺔ اﻟﻨﻈــﺮاﻟﻔﻠﻜ ﻟ ﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣ ﺎة ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض وﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻮﺿـﻊ اﻟـ ـ ﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ـ اﻟ" ﺤ ﺎة " ﻔﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ وﺧﺎرﺟـﮫ . ﻤـﺎ ﺴﺘﻜﺸـﻒ اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸـﺎف اﻟ ﺸـﺮي اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤـﻞ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻤـــﺮواﻟﻤـــﺮ ﺦ . ـــﺔ ﻷﺣـــﺪث اﻟﺘﻄـــﻮرات ﻓـــﻲﻫـــﺬا اﻟﻤﺠـــﺎل ﻣﻮاﻛ وﻣﺼــﺤﻮ ﺔ ﻤﺮاﺟـــﻊ ر ﺴــ ﺔ ﻟﻤﺰ ـــﺪ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳــﺔ ، إﻧﻬـــﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﻣـــ ﺔ راﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣ ﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت ﻏ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﺔ .