Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

ASTRO PUBLISHING with a warlike species so greedy and prone to devastating their home planet? The risk of con- tacting a civilization that is dan- gerous in various respects, com- bined with the technical diffi- culties and the onerousness of undertaking “conversations” with other planets, is the basis of one of the most classic so- lutions to the Fermi paradox: everyone is listening but no one is transmitting. This scenario would be very likely, especially if the number of technological civilizations were small. If they were very numerous, it is un- likely that those civilizations would all adopt the same isola- tionist policy. As speculative as this entire discussion is, our cur- rent notions of an exo-civiliza- tion scenario that bases itself on a marked rarity of techno- logical civilizations appears to be the most reasonable, as well as the most reassuring for us who are only now leaning out into the larger galaxy. If this “rare civilization” sce- nario is the case, our feeble electromagnetic signals have almost no chance of reaching an alien receiving device. The whole question is not just a mental exercise or, at best, a philosophical dissertation. De- pending on how the probabili- ties of a contact are assessed, the propensity to finance SETI programs changes considerably. Take the most sensational ex- ample, Breakthrough Listen, started in January 2016 by Rus- sian-Israeli billionaire Yuri Mil- ner with $100 million to spread over 10 years. It is a program that aims to search for any radio and laser signals coming from the nearest one million stars and from the 100 closest galaxies. The observations will ET, are you out there? — The question of intelligent life on other worlds Is there anybody out there? Are there other intelligent life forms lurking in outer space – or are they already here? This calm, intelligent and witty survey of the history of humankind’s search for extraterrestrial life brilliantly outlines the historical, fictional, speculative and emerging scientific opinions on what alien life might be like. The fast-moving narrative examines facts, dispels myths and focuses on the possibilities lurking in space. In a popular and easy-to-read style, the author uses current research to speculate what life is like on exoplanets, how we might communicate with it, and what Earth might seem like to visitors. Are we alone? — Humankind’s search for extraterrestrial civilizations Earth revolves around one of billions of stars in the Milky Way, which is but one of billions of galaxies in the known universe. With odds like this, it seems likely that humankind is not alone. The cutting edge of science promises to provide clues to a de- Is anybody out there? Are we alone? Or is the universe teeming with intelligent life? Can we expect extraterrestrial civilizations to be common? Oc- casional? Rare? In this wide-ranging Assessment, historian/writer W. H. Collier explores the probabilities of the existence of extra- terrestrial, technological life based on the latest scientific find- ings. Collier undertakes a thorough analysis of just what it would take for technological societies to arise on other planets. From quantifying the number of habitable planets, to examining the genesis and development of life on this planet, to grappling with the emergence of intelligence in our own species, Collier leaves no stone unturned. First contact — Scientific breakthroughs in the hunt for life beyond Earth cience reporter Marc Kaufman takes readers around the globe, into space, and miles below Earth’s surface to show how the search for life on other planets is changing the way humans think about their own history, about what it means to be finitive answer, and steady progress is being made by some of human, and about what, exactly, life is. First Contact is the first MARCH-APRIL 2023 the world’s brightest minds. Are We Alone? is a book for the curious that explores complex concepts in an accessible man- ner. From single-celled organisms to the super intelligent be- ings of science fiction lore, Are We Alone? examines the intriguing forms that life could take and the conditions required for it to exist beyond earthly confines. book to bring together recent developments across many com- peting branches of science, from microbiology to geochemistry, physics, and astronomy, all racing to verify what was once deemed impossible. Kaufman demystifies the key points behind the rigorous science and advanced technology that is edging ever closer to the most important discovery of modern times. ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻣﺎرس أﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2023 ﻻ ﻗﺪ و ﺗﺮﻏـﺐ ﰲ اﻻﺗﺼـﺎل ﺑﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﻄﺸـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤـﺮوب ﺷـﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺠﺸـﻊ ورﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺴـﺒﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺗـﺪﻣ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻬـﺎ ؟ إن اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺤﻀﺎر ات اﺧﺮى ﺧﻄ ة ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻮاحٍ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ و ﻣﻘﱰﻧـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼـﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ و ﻫﻲ أﺳـﺎس ﻛﺜـﺮ ﻷ اﻟﺤﻠـﻮل ﻛﻼﺳـﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻔﺎرﻗـﺔ ﻓ ﻣـ : ﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻜـﻦ ﻻ أﺣـﺪ ﻳﺘﺤـﺪث . ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻼً ﺟـﺪًا ، ﺧﺎﺻــﺔً إذا ﻛــﺎن ﻋــﺪد اﻟﺤﻀــﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺻﻐ ًا أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ ﻛﺒــ ًا ﻓﻤــﻦ ﻏــ ا ﺘﻮﻗــﻊ أن ﺗﺘﺒﻨــﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻧﻌﺰاﻟﻴـﺔ واﺣـﺪة، وﺑﻘـﺪر ﻣـﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه ا ﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺳـﻴ ﻨﺎرﻳﻮ اﻟﺨﺮوج اﻟﺤﻀﺎري اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺮﺗﻜـﺰ ﻋـﲆ ﻧﺪرة ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻀﺎرات اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ، ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﻃﻤﺄﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ اﻵن ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ا ﺠﺮة اﻷﻛﱪ إ . ذا ﻛـﺎن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ " اﻟﺤﻀﺎري اﻟﻨﺎدر ﻫـﻮ " اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﺈن إﺷﺎراﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ أي ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًـﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﱃ ﺟﻬـﺎز اﺳـﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺴﺆا ل ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻘﲇ أو ﰲ أﺣﺴﻦ اﻷﺣﻮال أﻃﺮوﺣﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ . ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﲆ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﺟﻬـﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻳﺘﻐ ا ﻴـﻞ إﱃ ﺗﻤﻮﻳـﻞ ﺑـﺮاﻣﺞ ( ﺳﻴﺘﻲ ) ﻣﴩوع ﺑﺸﻜ . ﻞ ﻛﺒ ﺧﺬ ا ﺜﺎل اﻷﻛﺜﺮ إﺛﺎرة اﺧﱰاق اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع اﻟﺬي ﺑـﺪأ ﰲ ﻳﻨــﺎﻳﺮ ٢٠١٦ ﻣــﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ ا ﻠﻴــﺎردﻳﺮ اﻟﺮوﳼ ﻳﻮري ﻣﻴﻠﻨﺮ ﺑﻤﺒﻠﻎ ١٠٠ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دوﻻر ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى ١٠ . ﺳﻨﻮات ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻬﺪف إﱃ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أي إﺷﺎرات رادﻳـﻮ أو ﻟﻴﺰر ﻗﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﻧﺠﻤﻲ وﻣﻦ أﻗﺮب ١٠٠ . ﻣﺠﺮة ﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺪ ﻫﻨﺎك؟ ﻫـﻞ ﻧﺤــﻦ وﺣـﺪﻧﺎ ــﻮن ﻌـﺞ ﺎﻟــ ؟ أم أن اﻟ ـ ـﺔ؟ ﻫــﻞ ﻤﻜــﻦ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﺬﻛ ـــــــﻮن ﺣﻀـــــــﺎراتﺧـــــــﺎرج ﻮﻛـــــــﺐ اﻷرضﺷـــــــﺎﺋﻌﺔ؟ أن ﻧﺘﻮﻗـــــــﻊ أن ﺗ اﻟ ﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻟ و ﻤﺆرخ ـﻮﻟﻴ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻت وﺟـﻮد ﺎﺗﺐ د ﻠﻴـﻮ إﺗـﺶ ــــﺎة ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟ ﺣ ــــﺔ ﺧــــﺎرج اﻷرض ﻨــــﺎءً ﻋﻠــــﻰ أﺣــــﺪث اﻻﻛﺘﺸــــﺎﻓﺎت ﻮﺟ ــــﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ . ــــﮫ ــــﻮﻟﻴ ﺑــــﺈﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻠﻴــــﻞﺷــــﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻤــــﺎ ﻗــــﺪ ﺘﻄﻠ ﻘــــﻮم ـــﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ﻮاﻛـــﺐ اﻷﺧـــﺮى ﻇﻬــﻮراﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌـــﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ . ﻣـــﻦ ــﺎة ، إﻟــﻰ ﻓﺤــﺺ ﻧﺸـﺄة اﻟــ ـﺪ ﻋــﺪد اﻟ ﻮاﻛــﺐ اﻟﺼــﺎ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﺗﺤﺪ ـ ﺤ ﺎة وﺗﻄﻮرﻫـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰﻫـﺬا اﻟ ﻮﻛـﺐ إﻟـﻰ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬـﺔ ﻇﻬـﻮراﻟـﺬ ﺎء ﻓـﻲ ﺟﻨﺴﻨﺎ اﻟ ﺸﺮي ، ﻟﻢ ك ﻮﻟﻴ أيﺟﻬﺪ دون أن ﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮫ . . ﺗﻲ. إي ﻫﻞ أﻧﺖﻫﻨﺎك؟ - ـ ﺳﺆال اﻟ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﺬﻛ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰﻋﻮاﻟﻢ أﺧﺮى ﻫﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك أي أﺣﺪ ـﺔ أﺧـﺮى ـﺎة ذﻛ ؟ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ أﺷـ ﺎل ﺣ ﺎﻣﻨـﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟ ـ - ﺨﺎرﺟﻲ أم أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ؟ ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﻫـﺬا ﻟﺘـــﺎر ﺦ ﺑﺤـــﺚ اﻟـــ اﻟﻤﺴـــﺢ اﻟﻬـــﺎد ـ ـــﺎة ﺧـــﺎرج ﺠﻨﺲ اﻟ ﺸـــﺮيﻋـــﻦ ﺣ ﻮﻛــــــﺐ اﻷرض ﻤﺴــــــﺎﻋﺪة ــــــﺔ واﻟـــــــ ـــــــﺔ اﻟﺘﺎر ﺨ اﻵراء اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ـ ﺨ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ـــــﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﺷـــــﺌﺔ ﺣـــــﻮل ﺷـــــ ﻞ اﻟـــــ واﻟﺘ ﻤ ﻨ ـ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﻔﻀـــــﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺄﺳـــــﻠﻮب ﺷــــــﺎﺋﻊ وﺳــــــﻬﻞ اﻟﻘــــــﺮاءة ، ﺴــــــﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺆﻟــــــﻒ اﻟﺒﺤــــــﺚ ـ اﻟــــــ ﺤﺎﻟﻲ ـــﮫ اﻟــ ــﺪو ﻋﻠ ﻟﻠــﺘ ﻬﻦ ﻤـــﺎ ﺗ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ﻋﻠـــﻰ اﻟ ﻮاﻛــﺐ اﻟـــ ـ ـــﻒ ﺨﺎرﺟ ﺔ وﻛ ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺳ وﻛ ﻒ ﺘ ﺪو اﻷرض ﻟﻠﺰوار اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴ . اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻷول - اﺧ اﻗﺎت ﻋﻠﻤ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ـ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎة ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض ﺄﺧـــﺬ اﻟ ﺎﺗـــﺐ ﻣـــﺎرك ﻮﻓﻤـــﺎن اﻟﻘـــﺮاء ﻓـــﻲ ﻤﻴـــﻊ أﻧﺤـــﺎء اﻟﻌـــﺎﻟﻢ ، ــــﺎل ﺗﺤــــﺖﺳــــﻄﺢ اﻷرض إﻟــــﻰ اﻟﻔﻀــــﺎء ، وأﻣ ﻓــــﻲ اﻟﻜﺘــــﺎب اﻷول اﻟﺘﻄﻮرا ﻳ ﻤﻊ ﺑ اﻟﺬ ـت اﻟ ﺤﺪ ﺜﺔ ﻋ اﻟﻌﺪ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮوع اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ـﺎء اﻟـ ، ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣ ﺎء اﻟﺪﻗ ﻘـﺔ إﻟـﻰ اﻟﻜ ﻤ ـ ـﺎء ﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﺔ واﻟﻔ ــــﺎن ﻌﺘــــ ﻳﻮﻣًــــﺎ وﻋﻠــــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــــﻚ ، و ﻠﻬــــﺎ ﺗﺘﺴــــﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘــــﻖ ﻣﻤــــﺎ ﻣﺴـــﺘﺤ ﻼً . ﻳﺰ ـــﻞ ﻮﻓﻤـــﺎن اﻟﻐﻤـــﻮضﻋـــﻦ اﻟﻨﻘـــﺎط اﻟﺮ ﺴـــ ﺔ وراء أﻛـ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻘـ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﺎرم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟـ أي وﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮاﻟ ـ . ﺤﺪ ﺚ ﻫﻞ ﻧﺤﻦ -؟ وﺣﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟ ـ ﺠﻨﺲ اﻟ ﺸﺮيﻋﻦ ﺣﻀﺎرات ﺧﺎرج ﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض ـــﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠــــﻮم ﻓــــﻲﻣﺠــــﺮة ﺗـــﺪوراﻷرضﺣــــﻮل واﺣــــﺪ ﻣــــﻦ ﻣﻠ در اﻟﺘ ﺎﻧــﺔ ، وﻫــﻲ ﻟ ﺴــﺖﺳــﻮىو اﻟﻤﺠــﺮات ﻓـــﻲ اﺣـــﺪة ﻣــﻦ ﻼﻳــ اﻟ ﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف . ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﻬﺬﻩ ، ﻳ ﺪو ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤـﺮﺟﺢ أن اﻟــ ـ ﺠﻨﺲ اﻟ ﺸــﺮي ﻟــ ﺲوﺣــﺪﻩ . إن ﻫــﺬا ﺴﺘﻜﺸــﻒ اﻟﻤﻔــﺎﻫ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻘــﺪة ﻄﺮ ﻘــﺔ ﺴــﻬﻞ اﻟﻮﺻــﻮل إﻟﻴﻬــﺎ . ــﺪة ﻣــﻦ اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨــﺎت وﺣ ـ اﻟـ ﺨﻠ ﺔ إﻟـﻰ اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨـﺎت ﻓﺎﺋﻘـﺔ اﻟـﺬ ﺎء ﻓـﻲ ﻗﺼـﺺ اﻟـ ـ ﺨ ﺎل اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﺎرج ﺣﺪود اﻷرض .