Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

up our radio and television transmissions. The few signals intentionally sent to other stars (often twisted like the minds of those who thought them) had no chance of being intercepted along the way. Therefore, those who hope to receive signals from space, in response to any transmission coming from our atmosphere, appear very opti- mistic: such signals would need to come from more advanced technological civilizations than ours, located on planets less than 50 light-years away from the Earth. Within that distance, there are about 1,300 star sys- tems, containing 1,800 stars, and this already tells us that many of them are double or multiple systems, not particu- larly ideal environments for life as we know it. The same is true for more than half of the single stars, those belonging to spec- tral classes other than G and K. Around thirty planets have so far been discovered around all these stars, and only a dozen of them are in habitable zones (where liquid water can exist in the surface), orbiting stars that cannot guarantee stability for the long evolution of life. The true number of Earth-sized plan- ets in habitable zones within 50 light-years is estimated to be a few hundred, but the vast ma- jority of those are hosted by red dwarfs, thus uninhabitable by our standards. However unlikely as only few other things could possibly be, let’s assume that there is at least one other civilization in the Earth’s radiosphere capable of receiving and interpreting our broadcasts; it is probable that it has formed an awful opin- ion of humans. Why would it ever want to come into contact Life in the cosmos — From biosignatures to technosignatures Life in the Cosmos offers a thorough overview of the burgeon- ing field of astrobiology, including the salient methods and paradigms involved in the search for extraterrestrial life and in- telligence. Manasvi Lingam and Avi Loeb tackle three areas of interest in hunting for life “out there”: first, the pathways by which life originates and evolves; second, planetary and stellar factors that affect the habitability of worlds, with an eye on the biomarkers that may reveal the presence of microbial life; and finally, the detection of technological signals that could be indicative of intelligence. Strange new worlds Renowned astronomer Ray Jayawardhana brings news from the front lines of the epic quest to find planets —and alien life— beyond our solar system. In this book, Jayawardhana describes the latest findings —including his own— that are challenging our view of the cosmos and casting new light on the origins Aliens — Science asks: Is there anyone out there? Do Aliens Exist? And if they do — what would they look like? Where would they live? Would they be conscious beings? And what would happen if they found us? These are the biggest ques- tions we’ve ever asked - and here, Professor Jim Al-Khalili, theo- retical physicis, blasts off in search of answers. Coming with him are Martin Rees, Ian Stewart, Louisa Preston, Monica Grady, Sara Seager, Paul Davies and a crack team of scientists and experts who’ve made it their life’s work to discover the truth. Lively, curi- ous and filled with scientific insights fresh from the cutting edge of the Galaxy, Aliens is the perfect book for anyone who has ever looked up into the starry sky and wondered: are we alone? Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence This book highlights the most recent developments in SETI discussed at that conference, emphasizing the ways that SETI has grown since its inception. The volume covers three broad themes: First, leading researchers examine the latest develop- ments in observational SETI programs. Second, both proponents and evolution of planets and planetary systems. He reveals how technology is rapidly advancing to support direct observations of Jupiter-like gas giants and super-Earths —rocky planets with several times the mass of our own planet— and how as- tronomers use biomarkers to seek possible life on other worlds. and opponents of “Active SETI” debate whether humankind should be transmitting intentional signals to other possible civi- lizations, rather than only listening. Third, constructive proposals for interstellar messages are juxtaposed with critiques that ask whether any meaningful exchange is possible with an independ- ently evolved civilization. ٣٨ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ إﱃ ﻧﺠﻮم أﺧﺮى ) ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣـﺎ ﺗﻜـﻮن ﻣﻠﺘﻮﻳــﺔ ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻋﻘــﻮل أوﻟﺌــﻚ اﻟــﺬﻳﻦ اﻋﺘﻘـﺪوﻫﺎ ( ﻟ ـﻢ ﻳﻜـﻦ ﻟ ـﺪﻳ ﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺻـﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﱰاض ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـﺈن أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳ ﺄﻣﻠﻮن ﰲ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ إﺷﺎرات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻷي إرﺳﺎل ﻗﺎدم ﻣـﻦ ﻏﻼﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﺠﻮي ، ﻳﺒﺪون ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ا ﺜﺎﻟﻴـﺔ : ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻹﺷﺎرات ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗـﺄﺗﻲ ﻣـ ﻦ ﺣﻀﺎرات ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻘـﺪﻣًﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻀﺎرﺗﻨﺎ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﲆ ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ٥٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴـﺪًا ﻋـﻦ اﻷرض . ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬه ا ﺴﺎ ﻓﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣـﻮاﱄ ١٣٠٠ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻧﺠﻤﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋـﲆ ١٨٠٠ ﻧﺠـﻢ وﻫﺬا ﻳﺨﱪﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ أن اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟـﺔ أو ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدة وﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺧـﺎص ﻟ ﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ وﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﴚء ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﲆ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﺼـﻒ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ا ﻨﻔﺮدة ، ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤـﻲ إﱃ ﻓﺌـﺎت ﻃﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﻏـ G و K. ﺗـﻢ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻵن اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺣﻮاﱄ ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﻛﻮﻛﺒًﺎ ﺣـﻮل ﻛـﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟو ﻌﴩات ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ) ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ا ﻴﺎه اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﺴـﻄﺢ ( ﺗ ﺪور ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻀـﻤﻦ اﻻﺳـﺘﻘﺮار ﻟﻠﺘﻄـﻮر اﻟﻄﻮﻳ ـﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة . ﻳُﻘﺪر اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻮاﻛـﺐ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ اﻷرضﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﺣﺪود ﰲ ٥٠ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻀﻊ ﻣﺌـﺎت ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﺗﺴﺘﻀ ﻴﻔﻬﺎ أﻗﺰام ﺣﻤﺮاء وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻬـﻲ ﻏ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴـﺎة ﻟﻠﻌـﻴﺶ / وﻓﻘًـﺎ ﺑـ ، ﻌﺎﻳ ﻧـﺎ ﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أﻧـﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﻏـ ا ﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك أﺷـﻴﺎء أﺧـﺮى ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ وإذا اﻓﱰﺿﻨﺎ أن ﻫﻨـﺎك ﺣﻀـﺎرة أﺧﺮى ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗـﻞ ﰲ اﻟﻐـﻼف اﻟﺮادﻳـﻮي ﻟﻸرض ﻗﺎدرة ﻋـﲆ اﺳـﺘﻘﺒﺎل وﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﺒﺚ اﻟﺼﺎدر ﻣﻨﺎ ﻓ ﻤﻦ ا ﺤﺘ ﻤﻞ أﻧـﻪ ﻗـﺪ ﺖ ﻋﻨﺎ ﺷﻜﻠ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎً ﺳﻴﺌﺎً . اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ - اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺴﺄل : ﻫﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك أﺣﺪ؟ ﻫــــــــﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـــــــــﺎﺋﻴﻮن ﻣﻮﺟــــــــﻮدون؟ وإذا ـــــــــﺎﻧﻮا ﻛــــــــﺬﻟﻚ - ـــــــــﻒ ﻛ أﻳـــﻦ؟ ن ﺳـــﻴ ﺪو ــــﺔ؟ ﺳ ﻌ ﺸـــﻮن؟ ﻫــــﻞ ﺳـــﻴ ﻮﻧﻮن ﺎﺋﻨـــﺎت واﻋ وﻣـــﺎذا ﺳــــﻴﺤﺪث ﻟــــﻮ وﺟــــﺪوﻧﺎ؟ ﻫـــﺬﻩ ﻫــــﻲ أﻛــــ اﻷﺳــــﺌﻠﺔ اﻟــــ ﻃﺮﺣﻨﺎﻫــــــــــﺎ وﻣﻨﻬــــــــــﺎ ﻨﻄﻠــــــــــﻖ اﻟ وﻓ ﺴــــــــــﻮرﺟــــــــــ ﻢ اﻟــــــــــ ـ ﺨﻠ ﻠﻲ اﻟﻔ ﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي ﺑﺤﺜًﺎ ﻋﻦ إﺟﺎ ﺎت . ﺳ ﺄﺗﻲﻣﻌﮫﻣﺎرﻦ رﺲ ، ـــــــﺎ ﺟـــــــﺮاد ـــــــﺎن ﺳـــــــﺘﻴﻮار ، وﻟـــــــﻮﻳﺰا ﺑﺮ ﺴـــــــﺘﻮن ، وﻣﻮﻧﻴ ، وإ وﺳﺎرة ﺳﻴﺠﺮ ، وﺑﻮل د ﻔ وﻓﺮ ﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟـﺬﻳ ﻦﺟﻌﻠـﻮا ﺘﻬﻢ ﻬﻤﻣ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟ ـ اﻟو. ﺤﻘ ﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺎؤل : ﻫﻞ ﻧﺤﻦ وﺣﺪﻧﺎ؟ ـاﻟ ﺤ ﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮن - ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺼﻤﺎت اﻟ ـ ﺤﻴﻮ ﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﺼﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨ ﺔ ﻘـــــﺪم اﻟﻜﺘــــــﺎب ﻧ ﻈـــــﺮة ﻋﺎﻣــــــﺔ ﺷــــــﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋـــــﻦ اﻟﻤﺠــــــﺎل اﻟﻤﺰدﻫــــــﺮ ــﺎرزة ــﺎ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ ، ﻤــﺎ ﻓــﻲذﻟــﻚ اﻷﺳــﺎﻟ ﺐواﻟﻨﻤــﺎذج اﻟ ﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﻨﻄـــﻮيﻋﻠﻴﻬـــﺎ اﻟﺒﺤـــﺚ ﻋـــﻦ اﻟـــ اﻟـــ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ﺧـــﺎرج ﻮﻛـــﺐ اﻷرض . ﺞـﻌﺎﻟـ اﻟﻜﺘــﺎب ﺛﻼﺛــﺔ ﻣﺠـﺎﻻت اﻫﺘﻤـﺎم ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﻋــﻦ اﻟــ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ": ﻫﻨــــــﺎك " ﺗﻨﺸــــــﺄ ﻣــــــﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬــــــﺎ اﻟــــــ أوﻻً ، اﻟﻤﺴــــــﺎرات اﻟــــــ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ًـﺎ ، اﻟﻌﻮاﻣـ وﺗﺘﻄـﻮر ؛ ﺛﺎﻧ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮﻋﻠــﻰ ـﺔ اﻟــ ــﺔ واﻟﻨ ﻤ ﻞ اﻟ ﻮﻛﺒ ﻗﺎ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺶﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌـﻮاﻟﻢ ، وأﺧـ ا ، اﻟﻜﺸـﻒﻋـﻦ اﻹﺷـﺎرات ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗ ﻮن ﻣﺆﺷﺮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬ ﺎء اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﺔ اﻟ . اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺬاﻟ ﺎء ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض ﺴﻠﻂ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺪث اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺳ ـــــﺚ ﺣ ﻐﻄـــــﻲ ﺛﻼﺛـــــﺔ ﻣﻮﺿـــــﻮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻣـــــﺔ : ــــــﺎﺣﺜﻮن أوﻻً ، ﻘـــــﻮم ﺎرزون ﻔﺤﺺأﺣﺪث اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات ﻓـﻲ ﺑـﺮاﻣﺞ ﺳـ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ . وﻣﻌﺎرﺿﻲ ﺛﺎﻧ ًﺎ ، ﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆ ﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺳ " اﻟﻨﺸـﻂ " ـﻨﺲ اﻟ ﺸـﺮي ـﺎن ﻋﻠـﻰ ا ﻣـﺎ إذا إرﺳـﺎل إﺷـﺎرات إﻟـﻰ ﺣﻀﺎرات أﺧﺮى ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ، ﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎع ﻓﻘـﻂ . ﺛﺎﻟﺜًـﺎ ، ﺗﻘـ ن ــﺎن أي اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﺎﻟﻨﻘــﺪ ﻋﻤـﺎ إذا اﻟﻤﻘ ﺣـﺎت اﻟ ﻨـﺎءة ﻟﻠﺮﺳــﺎﺋﻞ ﺑـ ﺗ ﺎدل ﻫﺎدفﻣ ﻤﻜﻨًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻀﺎرة ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة ﺸ ﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘ .ﻞ ﻋﻮاﻟﻢ ﺟﺪ ﺪة ﻏﺮ ﺔ ﻘـﺪم ﻋـﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ اﻟﺸـﻬ - رايﺟﺎ ﺎوردﻫﺎﻧـﺎ - ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎت ﻟﻠﺴــﻌﻲ اﻟ ﻤﻠ ﻤــﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺜــﻮرﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟ ﻮاﻛــﺐ – ـ واﻟــ - ﺤ ﺎة ﺧــﺎرج ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ . ﻓﻲﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺼﻒ أﺣﺪث اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت - ﻤـــــﺎ ﻓـــــﻲذﻟـــــﻚ اﻻﻛﺘﺸـــــﺎﻓﺎت اﻟـــــ ـ ـــــﮫ ﺨﺎﺻﺔ - ﺗﺘﺤـــــﺪ واﻟـــــ ـــﺪًا ﻋﻠــــﻰ أﺻــــﻮل ـــﻮن وﺗﻠﻘــــﻲﺿــــﻮءًا ﺟﺪ وﺟﻬـــﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ــــﺎ ﻋــــﻦ اﻟ وﺗﻄـــــــــﻮراﻟ ﻮاﻛـــــــــﺐوأﻧﻈﻤـــــــــﺔ اﻟ ﻮاﻛـــــــــﺐ . ـــــــــﻒ ﺴـــــــــﺘﺨﺪم وﻛ ــﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴــﻮن اﻟﻤﺆﺷــﺮات ا ﻴﻮ ـﺎة ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤــﺚ ﻋــﻦ ﺣ ﻋﻮاﻟﻢ أﺧﺮى .