Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

derstanding at what evolution- ary stage it is. That civilization would have to be on a planet no more than 100-200 light- years from Earth to suspect that a species here has begun to modify its habitat heavily by starting industrial processes. Even so, anyone observing our atmosphere would still not be sure that we know of or could produce radio waves, nor that we have developed telecommu- nications to the point of being able to receive and interpret an unnatural signal from space. Only a civilization located less than 100 light-years from Earth could perhaps intercept radio signals from our planet. 100 light-years is the radius of the so-called “radiosphere,” the vol- ume of space around our planet where the first radio, radar, tel- evision and similar signals, more or less involuntarily launched into the cosmos by human ac- tivities, could have possibly reached. Even admitting that, incredibly, there may exist two technological civilizations capa- ble of communicating less than 100 light-years away from each other, hoping that “the others” may have picked up a signal of ours and recognized it as artifi- cial is a demonstration of con- siderable optimism. We know, in fact, that the intensity of an electromagnetic signal de- creases with the square of the distance, and by applying this physical law to signals of vari- ous kinds radiated from the Earth, we obtain that almost all of them, after traveling just one light year, are so degraded as to be indistinguishable from back- ground noise. Already at Pluto’s distance, even the largest ter- restrial radio telescopes would have many difficulties in picking The Great Silence — Science and Philosophy of Fermi's Paradox This book explores the multifaceted problem named after the great Italian physicist Enrico Fermi and his legendary 1950 lunchtime question “Where is everybody?” In many respects, Fermi's paradox is the richest and the most challenging prob- lem for the entire field of astrobiology and SETI studies. The author shows how Fermi’s paradox is intricately connected with many fields of learning, technology, arts, and even every- day life. It aims to establish the strongest possible version of the problem, to dispel many related confusions, obfuscations, and prejudices, as well as to offer a novel point of entry to the many solutions proposed in existing literature. Light of the stars — Alien worlds and the fate of the Earth Adam Frank shows that not only is it likely that alien civiliza- tions have existed many times before, but also that many of them have driven their own worlds into dangerous eras of change. He explains how dust storms on Mars, the greenhouse The search for extraterrestrials — Intercepting alien signals Follow Monte Ross of the Laser Space Signal Observatory as he explores the challenges in searching for evidence of extra- terrestrials, the programs that have failed, and those that con- tinue. The book circumvents the failure of searches at radio frequencies by being the first to explore electromagnetic fre- quencies besides RF and microwave as possible signal sources, taking into consideration all the ways that extraterrestrials might try to communicate with us. Throughout the presenta- tion, all the ideas, concepts, and approaches are explained clearly, without the use of complex math or physics. Extraterrestrial — The First sign of intelligent life beyond Earth In Extraterrestrial, Avi Loeb (a Harvard University astrophysicist) takes readers inside the thrilling story of the first interstellar vis- itor to be spotted in our solar system. He outlines his contro- versial hypothesis and its profound implications: for science, for effect on Venus, Gaia Theory, the threat of nuclear winter, and religion, and for the future of our planet. A mind-bending jour- MARCH-APRIL 2023 efforts to prove or disprove the plurality of worlds from Aristotle to Copernicus to Carl Sagan have contributed to our under- standing of our place in the universe. And he raises what may be the largest question of all: If there has been life on other worlds, what can its presence tell us about our own fate? ney through the furthest reaches of science, space-time, and the human imagination, Extraterrestrial challenges readers to aim for the stars-and to think critically about what's out there, no matter how strange it seems. ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﲆ ﻛﻮﻛـﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ١٠٠ - ٢٠٠ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿـﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرض ﺑ ﺣﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺄن ﻧﻮﻋًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺑـﺪأ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﺪء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓـﺈن أي ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻳﺮاﻗﺐ ﻏﻼﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﺠـﻮي ﻻ ﻳـﺰال ﻏ ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌـﺮف أو ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﻧﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت رادﻳﻮﻳﺔ وﻻ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻃﻮرﻧﺎ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻨـﺎ ﻗـﺎدرون ﻋـﲆ اﺳـﺘﻘﺒﺎل وﺗﻔﺴـ إﺷـﺎرة ﻏـ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺣﻀـﺎرة ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﺑﻌـﺪ أﻗـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ١٠٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ أن ﺗﻌـﱰض إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ . ١٠٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻫـﻮ ﻧﺼـﻒ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ " اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺮادﻳﻮي " وﻫﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺣـﻮل ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨـﺎ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗ ـﻢ إﻃـﻼق أول إﺷــﺎرات رادﻳــﻮ ورادار وﺗﻠﻴﻔﺰﻳــﻮن وإﺷﺎرات ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ أو ﺑـﺂﺧﺮ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ اﻹﻧﺴـﺎن . ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﺣﻀــﺎرﺗﺎن ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺘــﺎن ﻗﺎدرﺗــﺎن ﻋــﲆ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺪ أﻗـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ١٠٠ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋـﲆ أﻣـﻞ أن " ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻴﻮن " ﻗـﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻄـﻮا إ ﺷﺎرة ﻣﻨﺎ واﻛﺘﺸﻔﻮا ﺄﻧﺑ ﻬـﺎ . ﺻـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻔﺎؤل اﻟﻜﺒ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﻠـﻢ ﰲ اﻟﻮاﻗ ــــﻊ أن ﺷ ــــﺪة اﻹﺷ ــــﺎرة اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐ ﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑـﻊ ا ﺴــﺎﻓﺔ وﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴــﻖ ﻫــﺬا اﻟﻘــﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎﺋﻲ ﻋـﲆ إﺷـﺎرات ﻣـﻦ أﻧـﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌًﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ا ﻟﺴـﻔﺮ ـﺪة ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ واﺣ ﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺘﺪﻫﻮرة ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻮﺿﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴـﺔ . ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻘﺰم ﺑﻠﻮﺗـﻮ ﺳــﺘﻮاﺟﻪ ﺣﺘــﻰ أﻛــﱪ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳــﺔ اﻷرﺿــﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ــﺪ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺼـﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﰲ اﻟﺘﻘـﺎط اﻟﺒـﺚ اﻹذاﻋـﻲ واﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ . اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﻓﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ - اﻋ اضاﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻐﺮ ﺔ روسﻣــﻦ ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣــﻮﻧ اﻟﻠــ ر ﻟﻺﺷــﺎرات اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋ ﺔ وﻫــﻮ ﺴﺘﻜﺸـﻒ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪ ﺎت ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﻋـﻦ أدﻟـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰوﺟـﻮد ﺎﺋﻨـﺎت اﺳــــﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﺸــــﻠﺖ ، وﺗﻠـــﻚ اﻟــــ ﺧـــﺎرج اﻷرض ، واﻟــــ اﻣﺞ اﻟـــ . ﺘﺤﺪث ـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟـ ددات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﺧـــﻼل ﻮﻧـــﮫ أول ﻣــــﻦ اﻛﺘﺸـــﻒ اﻟـــ ددات اﻟ ﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴــــ ﺔ إﻟﻰﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟـ ددات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ـﻒ ﻤﺼـﺎدرإﺷـﺎرة ـﺔ واﻟﻤ ﻜﺮوو ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤـﺎول ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ، ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘ ﺎر ﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟ اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ . اﻟﺼﻤﺖ اﻟﻌﻈ ﻢ - ﻋﻠﻢ وﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ ﻓ ﻣﻲ ﺴﺘﻜﺸــــــﻒﻫــــــﺬا اﻟﻜﺘــــــﺎب اﻟﻤﺸــــــ ﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌــــــﺪدة اﻷوﺟــــــﮫ اﻟــــــ ﺳــــــﻤ ﺖ ﻋ ــــــﺎﺋﻲ اﻹ ﻄــــــﺎﻟﻲ ﻠــــــﻰ اﺳــــــﻢ اﻟﻔ ــــــﻮ ﻓ ﻣــــــﻲ إﻧﺮ وﺳــــــﺆاﻟﮫ اﻷﺳــــــﻄﻮري ﻓــــــﻲوﻗــــــﺖ اﻟﻐــــــﺪاء ﻋــــــﺎم ١٩٥٠ " أﻳــــــﻦ ا ﻤﻴـــــﻊ؟ " ـــــﺪة ، ﻓـــــﺈن ﻣﻔﺎرﻗـــــﺔ ﻓ ﻣـــــﻲﻫــــــﻲ ﻣـــــﻦ ﻧـــــﻮاحٍ ﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺸــــــ ﻠﺔ اﻷﻛــــــ ﺛــــــﺮ اءً واﻷﻛــــــ ﺗﺤــــــﺪ ًﺎ ﻓــــــﻲﻣﺠــــــﺎل دراﺳــــــﺎت ـﺔ و ـﺎ اﻟﻔﻠﻜ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﻣﺸـﺮوع ﺳـ ﺄ ﻤﻠـﮫ . ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ اﻟﻤﺆﻟــﻒ ـــــﺪ ﻣــــــﻦ ـــــﻒ ﺗــــــﺮ ﻂﻣﻔﺎرﻗـــــﺔ ﻓ ﻣــــــﻲ ار ﺎﻃًـــــﺎ وﺛ ﻘًــــــﺎ ﺎﻟﻌﺪ ﻛ ا ﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﺎ واﻟﻔﻨﻮن وﺣ . ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض - أول ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰوﺟﻮد ﺣ ﺎة ذﻛ ﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض ﺄﺧـــﺬ آﻓـــﻲ ﻟـــﻮب ) ـــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜ ﻋـــﺎﻟِﻢ اﻟﻔ ـــﺔ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌـــﺔ ﻫﺎرﻓـــﺎرد ( اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻘﺮاء داﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﺔ اﻟﻤﺜ ة ﻷول رؤ ﺔ ﺑ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ . رﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺤ ة ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ ﻋ أ ﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﻠـــــــــﻢ ، واﻟﺰﻣـــــــــﺎن ، واﻟـــــــــ ـ ﺨ ﺎل اﻟ ﺸـــــــــﺮي اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨـــــــــﺎت ﺗﺘﺤـــــــــﺪ اﻟﻔﻀــــــﺎ ﺋ ﺔ اﻟﻘــــــﺮاء أن ﺴــــــﺘﻬﺪﻓﻮا اﻟﻨﺠــــــﻮم واﻟﺘﻔﻜــــــ ﺸـــــــ ﻞ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻏﺮا ﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦﻣﺪ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم - ﻋﻮاﻟﻢ ﻏﺮ ﺔ وﻣﺼ اﻷرض ُﻈﻬﺮ آدم ﻓﺮاﻧـﻚ أﻧـﮫ ﻟـ ﺲﻣـﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤـﻞ ﻓﻘـﻂ أن اﻟـ ـ ﺤﻀﺎرات ــﺪة ﻣــﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ ، وﻟﻜــﻦ أ ﻀًــﺎ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺎﻧــﺖ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮدة ﻣــﺮاتﻋﺪ ــﺪ ﻣــﻨﻬﻢ ﻗـــﺪ أن اﻟﻌﺪ دﻓﻌــﻮا ﻋــﻮاﻟﻤﻬﻢ إﻟـــﻰﻋﺼــﻮرﺧﻄـــ ة ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴـــ . ـــﺔ ﻋﻠـــﻰ ـــﻒﺳـــﺎﻫﻤﺖ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻـــﻒ اﻟ اﺑ ﺸـــﺮح ﻛ ـــــــﺮاريﻋﻠــــــﻰ ﻮﻛـــــــﺐ اﻟﺰﻫـــــــﺮة ــــــﺎس ا اﻟﻤــــــﺮ ﺦ ، وﺗـــــــﺄﺛ اﻻﺣﺘ ـــﺎ ، وﺧﻄـــﺮاﻟﺸـــﺘﺎء اﻟﻨـــﻮوي ، وا ﻬـــﻮد اﻟﻤ ﺬوﻟـــﺔ وﻧﻈﺮ ـــﺔ ﻏﺎ ـــــــــﺔ اﻟﻌــــــــــﻮاﻟﻢ ﻣـــــــــﻦ أرﺳـــــــــﻄﻮ إﻟــــــــــﻰ ـــــــــﺎت أو دﺣـــــــــﺾ ﺗﻌﺪد ﻹﺛ ﻮﺑﺮﻴ ﻮس إﻟﻰ ﺎرلﺳﺎ ﻏ ﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻤ ﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲاﻟ ﻮن . ﻣﺎرس أﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2023