Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

Since that distant summer, sci- entists and free thinkers have proposed dozens of plausible but hypothetical solutions to the Fermi paradox. Most of them imply an extreme rarity of technological civilizations in the Milky Way, the lack of will to communicate with other civ- ilizations, and the difficulty of receiving and, above all, trans- mitting interstellar messages. These scenarios are well suited to the total absence of positive results obtained by the numer- ous SETI programs conducted since the 1960s. The seemingly most obvious so- lution to the Fermi paradox is that we have no evidence that other technological civiliza- tions exist simply because those civilizations do not exist. As we currently understand processes in the universe, we can assume that the first civilizations capa- ble of communicating with other planets could have man- ifested themselves as early as seven-to-eight billion years ago. If they had appeared in our galaxy, they would have had time to colonize it far and wide, leaving behind traces of their existence, recognizable even long after the eventual disappearance of those same civilizations. Since nothing of the sort has been found so far, either those civilizations didn’t exist, they didn’t exist for long enough, or they weren’t inter- ested to leave lasting testi- monies. If they have survived long enough to be our contem- poraries and are aware of our existence, perhaps they are de- liberately ignoring us. How- ever, this puts a restriction on their number because, in order for them all to agree to ignore us, they must be relatively few. Technosignatures for detecting intelligent life in our Universe — A research companion The book summarizes the multiple interdisciplinary efforts that have contributed to the field of technosignatures. The tech- nosignatures represent any signals that can be collected from the Universe, such as radio wavelengths, optical signals, and many more, that can be potential candidates as signals emitted intentionally from another part of the Universe that is not Earth. It shows how current advances in science, technology, and social sciences can support this effort and can be used as both a resource for the scientists in the field and as a refer- ence for the public at large interested in the topic. The hunt for alien life — A wider perspective Astronomer Peter Linde takes the reader through the story of the search for extraterrestrial life in a captivating and thought- provoking way, specifically addressing the new research that is currently devoted towards discovering other planets with life. He discusses the methods used to detect possible signals from More than us — Discover how we are going to find life in the Universe Humans have thought about this question for millennia. Only recently have we developed the technology to actually search for life in the universe. In this book, you will discover how we are going to find it! We will look at questions like: • Where to search for extraterrestrial life? • Why haven’t we heard from anybody yet? • Should we send signals ourselves? • What efforts have been made to find life in the cosmos? • What happens if a signal is detected? Rare Earth — Why complex life is uncommon in the Universe other civilizations and the ways that the space sciences are apply it to what we know about the rise of life on Earth and to MARCH-APRIL 2023 changing as a result of this new field. Here, Linde tries to an- swer many philosophical questions that derive from this area of research: Is humanity facing a change of paradigm, that we are not unique as intelligent beings? Is it possible to communi- cate with others out there, and even if we can—should we? ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻣﺎرس أﺑﺮﻳﻞ 2023 ﺼﻤﺎت ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟ ـ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﺬﻛ ﺔ ﻓﻲ - ﻮﻧﻨﺎ رﻓﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻜﺘﺎبﺟﻬﻮد ﺳـﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت اﻟ ﻣﺠــﺎل اﻟ ﺼــﻤﺎت ــﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨ . ﺗﻤﺜــﻞ اﻟ ﺼــﻤﺎت ــﺔ أي إﺷــﺎرات اﻟﺘﻘﻨ ــﺔ ــﺔ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ــﻮن ، ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻷﻃــﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻤﻜـﻦ ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ ﻣــﻦ اﻟ ــــﻮن ﻤﻜــــﻦ أن ﺗ واﻹﺷـــﺎرات اﻟﻀــــﻮﺋ ﺔ وﻏ ﻫــــﺎ اﻟﻜﺜـــ ، واﻟــــ ﻣﺮﺷـﺤﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠـﺔ ﺈﺷـﺎرات ﺗﻨ ﻌـﺚ ﻋــﻦ ﻗﺼـ ﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺟـﺰء آﺧـﺮﻣــﻦ ــﻮن ﻟـــ ﺲ اﻷرض اﻟ . ـــﻒ ﻤﻜــﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻘـــﺪم اﻟــ ﻳﻮﺿــﺢ ﻛ ـ ﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓـــﻲ ــــﺪﻋﻢ ﻫــــﺬا ــــﺔ أن ــــﺎ واﻟﻌﻠــــﻮم اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ اﻟﻌﻠــــﻮم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ ـ اﻟــ ﺠﻬﺪ و ﻤﻜــﻦ اﺳــﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻤــﻮرد ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤــﺎء ﻓــﻲﻫــﺬا اﻟﻤﺠــﺎل ﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع و ﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻠ ﻤﻬﻮرﻋﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤ . أﻛ ﻣﻨﺎ - اﻛﺘﺸﻒﻛ ﻒﺳﻨﺠﺪ اﻟ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮن ﻟﻘــﺪ ﻓﻜــﺮاﻟ ﺸــﺮ ﻓــﻲﻫــﺬا اﻟﺴــﺆال ﻵﻻف اﻟﺴــﻨ . ﻟﻘــﺪ ﻃﻮر ــﺎ ﻣــﺆ ـــﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺤـــﺚ اﻟﻔﻌﻠـــﻲﻋــﻦ ا ﺧﺮًا اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ ـﻟـــ ـــﻮن ﺤ ﺎة ﻓـــﻲ اﻟ . ﻓﻲﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﺘﺸﻒﻛ ﻒﺳﻨﺠﺪﻩ ! ﺳﻨﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ : • أﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺤﺚﻋﻦ ﺣ ﺎة ﺧﺎرج ﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض؟ • اﻵن؟ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻟﻢ ﻧﺴﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ أيﺷﺨﺺﺣ • ﻫﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺮﺳﻞ إﺷﺎرات ﺄﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ؟ • ﺬﻟﺖ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮرﻋﻠ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ا ﻬﻮد اﻟ ـﻮن؟ ـﺎة ﻓـﻲ اﻟ ﻰ ا • ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺤﺪث إذا ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒﻋﻦ إﺷﺎرة؟ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣ ﺎة ﻓﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ - ﻣﻨﻈﻮرأوﺳﻊ ﻟ ﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﺎرئﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺼﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚﻋﻦ ﺣ ﺎة ﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﺑ ﺧـﺎرج ﻮﻛــﺐ اﻷرض ﻄﺮ ﻘــﺔ آﺳــﺮة وﻣﺜــ ة ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜــ ، و ﺘﻨــﺎول ًـــﺎ ﻻﻛﺘﺸـــﺎف اﻟ ﻮاﻛــــﺐ ـــﺪ ﺣﺎﻟ ـــﺪ اﻟﺒﺤــــﺚ ا ﺪ ﻋﻠـــﻰوﺟـــﮫ اﻟﺘﺤﺪ اﻷﺧﺮى . ﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻷﺳﺎﻟ ﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒﻋﻦ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠــــﺔ ﻣــــﻦ اﻟــــ ـ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻷﺧــــﺮىواﻟﻄــــ ﺗﺘﻐــــ ﺑﻬــــﺎ ﺮق اﻟــــ ﻋﻠــﻮم اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﺔ ﻟﻬــﺬا اﻟﻤﺠـﺎل اﻟــ ـ . ﺠﺪ ﺪ وﻣﺤﺎوﻟــﺔ ــﺔ اﻹﺟﺎ ﺗﻨ ﺜﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪ ﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟ . اﻷرض اﻟﻨﺎدرة - ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟ ـ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ﻏ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮن ﻳﺤــــﺪد ﻣـــﺎ إذا ﺎﻧــــﺖ اﻟــــ ﻣـــﺎ اﻟــــﺬ ـ ﺤ ﺎة اﻟﻤﻌﻘـــﺪة ﺳﺘﻨﺸــــﺄ ﻋﻠــــﻰ ــﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ﻓــﻲ ــﺎة ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻹﻃــﻼق؟ أيﺣ ﻮﻛــﺐ ، أو ﺣــ ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻷﺳــﺌﻠﺔ ﻓــﻲﻫــﺬا اﻟﻜﺘــﺎب ــﺚ . ﺣ ﻘــﻮ م اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔــﻮن ـﺎء ، وﻋﻠــﻢ ﺘ ﻤﻴــﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣــﺎت ﻣــﻦ ﻋﻠــﻢ اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ ، وﻋﻠــﻢ اﻷﺣ ـ اﻟـ ﺤﻔﺮ ﺎت وﺗﻄﺒ ﻘﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰﻣـﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓــﮫ ﻋـﻦ ﻧﺸـﻮء اﻟـ ـ ﺤ ﺎة ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻷرضوﻣﺎ ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲﻣ ﺎن آﺧﺮﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻮن . ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ اﻗـﱰح اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء وا ﻔﻜﺮون اﻟﻜﺜ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ا ﻌﻘﻮﻟـﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻻﻓﱰاﺿﻴﺔ ﻔﺎرﻗﺔ . ﻓ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺸ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ إﱃ ﻧﺪرة ﺷـﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺤﻀـﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺠــﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧــﺔ وﻧﻘﺺ اﻹ رادة ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرات اﻷﺧﺮى وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ اﻹﺷﺎرات وﻗﺒـﻞ ﻛﻞ ﳾء ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟ ﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﻴـﺎب اﻟﺘﺎم ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴ ﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﺮاﻣﺞ ( ﺳﻴﺘﻲ ) اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻨـﺬ اﻟﺴـﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت . ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﺤﻞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ وﺿـﻮﺣًﺎ ﻔﺎرﻗـﺔ ﻓ ﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ أﻧﻪ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﻋـﲆ وﺟـﻮد ﺣﻀـﺎرات ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ أﺧـﺮى ﺠﺮد ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻀـﺎرات ﻛﻤـ ﺎ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺎ أن ﻧﻔﱰض أن اﻟﺤﻀﺎرات اﻷوﱃ اﻟﻘﺎدر ة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗـﺘﺠﲆ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ إﱃ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗـﺪ ﻇﻬـﺮت ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨـﺎ ﻟﻜـﺎن ﻟـﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄـﺎق واﺳـﻊ ﺗﺎرﻛﺔ ﺎ وراءﻫ آﺛـﺎرًا ﻟﻮﺟﻮدﻫـ ﺎ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ا ﻟﺤﻀﺎرات . ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﲆﳾء ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﻓﺈﻣ ﺎ أن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرات ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة أو ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜـﻦ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮدة ﻟﻔﱰة ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ أو ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜـﻦ ﻣﻬﺘﻤـﺔ ﺑـﱰك دﻻﺋﻞ إذا . داﺋﻤﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻟﻔﱰة ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﻟﻨﺎ ة ﻣﻌﺎﴏ وﻣﺪرﻛﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮدﻧـﺎ ﻓﺮﺑﻤـﺎ اﺧﺘـﺎرت أن ﺗ ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻨﺎ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬا ﻳﻀﻊ ﻗﻴﻮدًا ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪد ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻀـﺎرات ﻷن اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻬـﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻠﻨﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﴤ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻋـﺪدﻫﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً .