Free Astronomy Magazine March-April 2023 ARABIC VERSION

I The Fermi paradox − many solutions, no certainty n the summer of 1950, Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi and some of his fellow nuclear physicists had a friendly conver- sation about a recent sighting of alleged alien flying objects. To those who pointed out that, given the enormous number of stars and probably planets (still undiscovered at the time) that make up our galaxy, there could be many advanced civi- lizations capable of interstellar travel, Fermi posed a famous question, which has stimulated countless debates in the last seventy years: “If the universe is teeming with aliens, where is everybody?” This question, known today as the “Fermi paradox,” empha- sizes the discrepancy between the absence of evidence for the existence of life beyond Earth and the apparent high proba- bility of its existence. If the Universe is teeming with aliens ... Where is everybody? Given the fact that there are perhaps 400 billion stars in our Galaxy alone, and perhaps 400 billion galaxies in the Universe, it stands to reason that somewhere out there, in the 14-billion- year-old cosmos, there is or once was a civilization at least as advanced as our own. The sheer enormity of the numbers almost demands that we accept the truth of this hypothesis. Why, then, have we encountered no evidence, no messages, no artifacts of these extraterrestrials? ٣٤ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ ﻓ ﻣﻲ – ﺣﻠﻮل ﻋﺪ ﺪة وﻟﻜﻦ دون ﻘ : ﻘﻠﻢ ﻣ ﺸﻴﻞ ﻓ ﺮا راﺟﻌﮫ : داﻣ ﺎن ﺟﻲ أﻟ ﺲ ﺳﻔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﺑﻮ ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻓـﻲﻫـﺬا اﻟﻘﺴـﻢ ﺗﺮﻛـﺰﻋﻠـﻰوﺟـﻮد اﻟـ ﻧﻘـ ح ﻌـﺾ اﻟﻘـﺮاءات اﻟـ ـ ـﺔ ا ﺤ ﺎة ﺧـﺎرج اﻷرضوﻋﻠـﻰ إﻣ ﺎﻧ ﻻﺗﺼــﺎل ـ ﺎﻟـــ ـــﺔ ـــﺔ اﻟﻐﺮ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ . ًـــﺎ ﻣـــﺎ ﻻ ﻘـــﻞ ﻋـــﻦ ﻳﻮﺟـــﺪ ﺣﺎﻟ ١٥٠ ـــﺔ ﺗﺘﻨـــﺎول ًـــﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﺣًـــﺎ ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﺴـــﻮق اﻟﺪوﻟ ﻛﺘﺎ ﺣﺼــﺮ ًﺎ ﻫـــﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿـــﻮﻋ . ـــﺎ ﻟﻘـــﺪ اﺧ ٣٠ ـــﻞ ، ﺗﺘﻨـــﺎول ، ﻣـــﻦ أﺟﻠـــﻚ ﻧﻌﺘ ﻫـــﺎ أﻛـــ ﺻـــﻠﺔ ﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿـــﻮع واﻟـــ ـاﻟ ﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺎت ﻧﻈﺮﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ . ﺻﻴﻒ ﻋﺎم ١٩٥٠ أﺟﺮى إﻧﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻓ ﻣﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﻧﻮﺑﻞ وﺑﻌﺾ زﻣﻼﺋـﻪ اﻟﻔﻴﺰ ﻳﺎﺋﻴ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳ ﺣﻮارًا ودﻳًﺎ ﺣـﻮل ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪة أﺟﺴـﺎم ﻏﺮﻳﺒ ـﺔ ﻣﺰﻋﻮ . ﻣ ـﺔ ﻷوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﺷﺎروا إﱃ أﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻟﻠﻌـﺪد اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ورﺑﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ) ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ( اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨـﺎ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻀـﺎرات ا ﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدرة ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺑ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم . ﻃﺮح ﻓ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺆاﻻً ﻣﺸﻬﻮرًا ﺗﺴـﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻴﺤﻔﺗ ﺰ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﰲ اﻟﺴﺒﻌ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ا ﺎﺿﻴﺔ " : إذا ﻛـﺎن اﻟﻜـﻮن ﻳﻌـﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ، ﻓﺄﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ؟ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺴـﺆال ا ﻌـﺮوف اﻟﻴـﻮم ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ " ﻣﻔﺎرﻗﺔ ﻓ ﻣﻲ " ﻳﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺾ ﺑـ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ وﺟﻮد ﺣﻴﺎة ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض اﻻﺣ ﻣﻊ ﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮدﻫﺎ . إذا ﺎن اﻟ ﻮن ﻌﺞ ﺎﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴ .. أﻳﻦ اﻟ ـ ﻤﻴﻊ؟ ـﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮإﻟـﻰﺣﻘ ﻘـﺔ أﻧــﮫ رﻤـﺎ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ٤٠٠ ـﻢ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻨــﺎ ــﺎرﻧ ﻣﻠ وﺣـﺪﻫﺎ ، ور ﻤـﺎ ٤٠٠ ـﺎر ﻣﺠـﺮة ﻣﻠ ـﻮن ، ﻓﻤـﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘـﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟ أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺎن ﻣﺎ ، ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮن اﻟ ﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ١٤ ﻣﻠ ﺎرﻋﺎم ، ﺎﻧـــﺖ ﻫﻨـــﺎك ﺣﻀـــﺎرة أو ﺎﻧـــﺖ ﻣﻮﺟـــﻮدة ﻓـــﻲ اﻟﺴـــﺎﺑﻖ . اﻷﻗـــﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ . ﺘﻨـﺎ ًــﺎ ﻗﺒــﻮل ﺗﺘﻄﻠــﺐ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺔ اﻷرﻗــﺎم ﺗﻘﺮ ﺣﻘ ﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺮﺿ ﺔ . ﻟﻤـﺎذا ، إذن ، ﻟـﻢ ﻧﻮاﺟـﮫ أيدﻟﻴـﻞ ، وﻻ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ، وﻻ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋ ﺔ؟ ذاﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻋﻦ اﻟﺬ ﺎء ﺧﺎرج اﻷرض : أﺳﺲﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣ ﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﻤﻜــــﻦ أن ﻳﺤــــﺪث ﻋﻨــــﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺸــــﻒ ﻫــــﻞ ﺗﺴــــﺎءﻟﺖ ﻳﻮﻣًــــﺎ ﻣــــﺎ اﻟــــﺬ ﺎﺋﻨـــــﺎت ـــــﻞ ﺧـــــﺎرج اﻷرض؟ ﺘﻨـــــﺎول ﻫـــــﺬا اﻟﻜﺘـــــﺎب ﻫـــــﺬا اﻟﺴـــــﺆال ﺑ ﺗﻌﻘ ﺪاﺗـــــﮫ ﺎﻹ. ـــــﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻـــــﻞ ، ﻣﺜـــــﻞ ﺿـــــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟـــــﻰ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋـــــﻖ اﻟﻤﺎد ـــــﺚ ﻤﻜـــــﻦ أن ﺗﺴـــــﺘﻐﺮق اﻟﺮﺳـــــﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺮوﻧًـــــﺎ اﻟﻤﺴــــﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠـــــﺔ ﺣ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ إﻟﻰﻣﺘﻠﻘﻴﻬﺎ ، ﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أ ﻀًﺎ اﻟﻤﺸ ﻼت اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﺔ ــــﺪ اﻟــــﺬ ﺎء ﻏــــ اﻷرﺿــــﻲ اﻷﻧــــﻮاع ، وﻣﺸــــ ﻼت ﺗﺤﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻــــﻞ ﺑــــ وﻏ ﻫﺎ ﻹﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎت ﻋ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻀﻮﺋ ﺔ .