Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2025 ARABIC VERSION

celerating expansion of our Uni- verse that is typically attributed to dark energy. TheDESIcollaborationsharedtheir resultsinseveralpapers.Thecom- plexanalysisusednearlysixmillion galaxies and quasars and lets re- searchersseeupto11billionyears intothepast.Withjustoneyearof data, DESI has made the most pre- cise overall measurement of the growth of cosmic structure, surpass- ing previous efforts that took decades to complete. Today’sresultsprovideanextended analysisofDESI’sfirstyearofdata, which made the largest 3D map of our Universe to date and revealed hints that dark energy might be evolving over time. The results looked at a particular feature of how galaxies cluster known as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). The new analysis broadens the scope by measuring how galaxies and matter are distributed on dif- ferentscalesthroughoutspace.The study also provided improved con- straints on the mass of neutrinos, the only fundamental particles whose masses have not yet been precisely measured. Neutrinos influ- encetheclusteringpatternofgalax- ies very slightly but this can be measured with the quality of the DESIdata.TheDESIconstraintsare the most stringent to date, comple- menting constraints from laboratory measurements. Thestudyrequiredmonthsofaddi- tional work and cross-checks. As be- fore,itusedatechniquetohidethe result from the scientists until the end, mitigating anyunconscious bias. “This research is part of one of the keyprojectsoftheDESIexperiment — to learn fundamental our atlargescales,su erdis- tributionandth ior of dark well as fundam pects of partic Stephanie Ju NOIRLabastrono a member of collaboration. “Bycom- paring the evolutionofthematterdis tributionin theUniversewithexist- Einstein’s theory of general relativ- ity and competing theories, we’re really tightening the possibilities on our models of gravity.” The collaboration is currently ana- lyzing the first three years of col- lected data and expects to present updatedmeasurementsofdarken- ergy and the expansion history of our Universe in 2025. DESI’s ex- panded results are consistent with thenewanalysis. “Theideathatwe can take pictures of the Universe andtacklethesebig,fundamental ingpredictions,including questionsismind-blowing.”    JANUARY-FEBRUARY2025 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 50 أداة اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـــــﻞ اﻟﻄ ﻔـــــﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗـــــﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤـــــﺔ ) DESI ( ﺗﺠـــــﺮي أرﺻـــــﺎد ﻓـــــﻲﺳـــــﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴـــــﻞ ﻋﻠـــــﻰ ﺗﻠﺴـــــ ﻮب ـــــــــــــــﺎل ـــــــــــــــﻮﻻسﻳـــــــــــــــﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴ ﻘﻄـــــــــــــــﺮ 4 ﻓـــــــــــــــﻲ أر ﺰوﻧـــــــــــــــﺎ ـــــــــــــــﻚ اﻟـــــــــــــــﻮﻃ ـــــــــــــــﺖ ﺑ أﻣﺘـــــــــــــــﺎرﻓـــــــــــــــﻲﻣﺮﺻـــــــــــــــﺪ ﻛ . ] KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/T.Slovinský [ ﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ اﻟﻤﺠﺮات ﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام رﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻣﻼﻳ ﺑ ﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺘ ﺎ ﻨﺔ ﻷداة اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄ ﻔﻲ ) DESI ( ﺑﺰاو ﺔ 360 . درﺟﺔ [Fiske Planetarium/CU Boulder/DESI collaboration]. ﻟ ﻘﺪ ﺷﺎرﻛﺖ أداة اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔـﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ (DESI) ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺪة أوراق ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ا ﻌﻘﺪ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻘـﺮب ﻣـﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻼﻳ ﻣﺠﺮة وﻛﻮازار وﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜ ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﱃ ﺣﻮاﱄ 11 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ . ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺎم واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻣـﻦ إﺟـﺮاء اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻷﻛﺜـﺮ دﻗـﺔ ﻟﻨﻤـﻮ اﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ اً ﻣﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ اﺳـﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ ﻋﻘﻮدًا ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ . ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻴﻮم ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼً ﻣﻮﺳﻌًﺎ ﻟﻠﻌـﺎم اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ واﻟﺬي ﺻﻨﻊ أﻛﱪ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺛﻼ ﺛﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻨﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن وﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺤﺎت ﺑـﺄن اﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ . ﻧﻈﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﰲ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺬﺑـﺬﺑﺎت اﻟﺼـﻮﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎرﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ (BAO) وﻳﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳـﺪ اﻟﻨﻄـﺎق ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻗﻴــﺎس ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ا ﺠﺮات وا ـﺎدة ﻋـﲆ ﻣﻘـ ﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة داً ﻗﻴـﻮ ﻣﺤﺴـﻨﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨـﻮات وﻫـﻲ اﻟﺠﺴـﻴﻤﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬـﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن . ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨﻮات ﻋﲆ ﻧﻤـﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮات ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎس ذﻟـﻚ ﺑﺠـﻮدة ﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎت اﻟﺘﺤ ﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﻗﻴﻮد ﻫـﺎ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﴏاﻣﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗ ﻜﻤـﻞ اﻟﻘﻴـﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا ﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ . ﺗﻄﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أﺷﻬﺮ ﻣـﻦ اً اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ اﻹﺿـﺎﰲ واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ا ﺘﺒﺎدل وﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺔ إﺧﻔـﺎء اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻋـﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣ ﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ أي ﺗﺤ ﻴﺰ ﻏ واعٍ . ﻳﻌـﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ اً ﺟـﺰء ﻣـﻦ أﺣـﺪ ا ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﻴ DESI. ا ﺸــﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑــﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻜﻮن وﺗﻄﻮره . ﺗﻘﻮل ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻮﻧﻮ ﻋﺎ ﺔ ﻓﻠﻚ ﰲ ﻣﺨﺘــﱪ ﻧــﻮﻳﺮﻻب اﻟﺘــﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴــﺔ اﻟﻌﻠــﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ ــﺔ اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ ـﺔ وﻋﻀــﻮ ﰲ ﺗﻌــﺎون اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ :" ﻟﻠﺘﻌـــﺮف ﻋـــﲆ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧـــ ﺐ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻨـﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﻧﻄـﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮز ﻳﻊ ا ﺎدة وﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﺎﻗــﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴ " ﻤﺎت اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴ و " ﻤﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻣﻘﺎرﻧــﺔ ﺗﻄــﻮر ﺗﻮزﻳــﻊ ا ــﺎ دة ﰲ اﻟﻜــﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆات ا ﻮﺟﻮ دة ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻷﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ واﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت ا ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻤـﻞ ﺣﻘـ ﺎً ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺸـﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻت ﻋـﲆ ﻧﻤﺎذﺟﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ". ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﺎون اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﺎً ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ا ﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﺜﻼث اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﺎت ﻣﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ وﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﻛﻮﻧﻨـﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎم 2025 . ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ رﺳ ﻢ ﺻﻮرة أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿـﻮﺣﺎً ﻟﻠﻜـﻮن وﺗﻄـﻮره وﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﺟﺪﻳـﺪة ﺗﻔـ ﴪ ـ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ . ﺗﺘﻮاﻓـﻖ ﻧﺘـﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴ ـﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔـﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗ ـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤﺔ ا ﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺎ ﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ا ﻈﻠﻤـﺔ ا ﺘﻄـﻮرة ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﺘ ﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺎدم ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋـﲆ أﺳـﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ . ﺣﻮل اﻟﻜﻮن - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 5