Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2025 ARABIC VERSION

A       42 Sombrero galaxy dazzles in new Webb image byNASA/ESA/CSA BethanyDowner Ninja Menning new mid-infrared imagefrom the NASA/ESA/CSA JamesWebbSpaceTele- scope features the Sombrero galaxy, also known as Messier 104 (M104). Thesignature,glowingcoreseenin visible-lightimagesdoesnotshine, and instead a smooth inner disk is revealed. The sharp resolution of Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instru- ment)alsobringsintofocusdetails ofthegalaxy’souterring,providing insightsintohowthedust,anessen- tialbuildingblockforastronomical objects in the Universe, is distrib- uted. The galaxy’s outer ring shows intricate clumps in the infrared for the first time. Researchers say the clumpy natureof the dust, where MIRI detects car- bon-containing molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can indicate the presence of young star-forming regions. However, un- like some galaxies studied with Webb, including Messier 82, where 10timesasmanystarsarebornasin theMilkyWaygalaxy,theSombrero S s t r black hole at the centre of the Sombrero galaxy, also known as an active galactic nucleus (AGN), is rat herdocile, even at a hefty 9-bil- lion-solar masses. It’s classified as a low lu- minosity AGN, slowly snacking on infalling material from the galaxy, while sending offabright,relatively small, jet. Also within the Som- brero galaxy dwell some 2000 globular clusters,acollection of hundreds of thou- IntheMIRIimage,galaxiesofvary- ing shapes and colours litter the backgroundofspace.Thedifferent colours of these background galax- iescantellastronomersabouttheir properties, including how far away they are. JANUARY-FEBRUARY2025 ﻣﺠﺮةﺳﻮﻣ ﺮو ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﻓﻲﺻﻮرة ﺟﺪ ﺪة : ﻘﻠﻢ ﺑ ﺜﺎﻧﻲداوﻧﺮ و ﻧ ﻨﺠﺎ ﻣ ﻨ ﻨﺞ و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻻوروﺑ ﺔ و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻜﻨﺪ ﺔ ﺎﺧﺬ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔ ﺪﻳﻮ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ ﻋ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء إﻟﻰﻣﺠـﺮة ﺳـﻮﻣ ﺮو اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أ ﻀًﺎ ﺎﺳﻢ ﻣ ﺴﻴ ﮫ 104 (M104) [NASA,ESA,CSA,STScI,ESO/IDA/Danish1.5m,DSS 2,TheHubble HeritageTeam(STScI/AURA),N.Bartmann (ESA/Webb), R. G ndler and J.-E. Ovaldsen,E. Slawik, N. Risinger &M.Zamani (ESA/Webb)−Music:Tonelabs – The Red North (www.tonelabs.com )] ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ ﺻـﻮرة ﺟﺪﻳــﺪة ﺑﺎﻷﺷــﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ ـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ ووﻛﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ ووﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳـﺔ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺳﻮﻣﱪﻳﺮو، ا ﻌﺮوﻓـﺔ أﻳﻀًـﺎ ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ ﻣﺴــﻴﻴﻪ 104 ) M104 ( ﻳﻈﻬــﺮ ﻻ اﻟﻘﻠــﺐ ا ﺘﻮﻫ ﺞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮة ﻻﻣﻌـﺎً ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﺒﺪو ﰲ ﺻﻮر اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺮﺋﻲ و ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺗﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮص داﺧﲇ أﻣﻠﺲ . ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻗــﺔ ﻟﺠﻬ ـﺎز اﻷﺷ ـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــ ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤــﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﺬي وﻳﺐ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺮة 42 ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ رؤى ﺣﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ اﻟﻐﺒـﺎر وﻫﻮ ﻟﺒﻨـﺔ أﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺴـﺎم ﰲ اﻟﻜـﻮن . ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺮة ﻛـﺘﻼً ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﰲ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻷول ﻣﺮة . ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﺎ ﺣﺜﻮن إن اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ا ﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺒـﺎر ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء ا ﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺗﺤﺘـﻮي ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻬﻴﺪر وﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳـﺔ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدة اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸ إﱃ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻨـ ﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺸﺎﺑﺔ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻜـﺲ ﺑﻌــﺾ ا ﺠــﺮا ت اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻤــﺖ دراﺳــﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام وﻳـﺐ ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟـﻚ ﻣﺴـﻴﻴﻪ 82 ﺳﻨﻮﻳ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘـﻮم ﺑﺈﻧﺘـﺎج 10 أﺿــﻌﺎف ﻋــﺪد اﻟﻨﺠــﻮم ﰲ ﻣﺠــﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧــﺔ ﻓــﺈن ﻣﺠ ـﺮة ﺳ ـﻮﻣﱪﻳﺮو ﻟﻴﺴـــﺖ ﺣﺎﺿـــ ﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﻟﺘﻜ ــﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـــﻮم . ﺗﻨـــﺘﺞ ﺣﻠﻘـــﺎت ﻣﺠـــﺮة ﺳﻮﻣﱪﻳﺮو أﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﺮة درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﻨــﺘﺞ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻌـﺎدل ﻛﺘﻠﺘ ﰲ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺘ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً . ا ﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ إن ا ﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد اﻟﻬﺎﺋـﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺳﻮﻣﱪﻳﺮو وا ﻌ ـﺮوف أﻳﻀًـﺎ ﺑ ﺎﺳــﻢ اﻟﻨـﻮاة ا ﺠﺮﻳـﺔ اﻟﻨﺸـﻄﺔ ﻫﺎدئ إﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ 9 ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﻤﺴـﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﻋﲆ أﻧ ﻪ ﻧﻮاة ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﺴـﻄﻮع ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﺘﻐــﺬى ﺑـــﺒﻂء ﻋـــﲆ ا ـــﻮاد ا ﺘﺴـﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﻣ ـﻦ ا ﺠـﺮة ﺎﻧﻔ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺛﺎت ﺳـﺎﻃﻌﺔ وﺻﻐ ة ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠـﺮة ﺳـﻮﻣﱪﻳﺮو ﺣﻮاﱄ 2000 ﻋﻨﻘﻮد ﻛﺮوي ﻣــﻦ ﻣﺌــﺎت اﻵﻻف ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺠ ـﻮم اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤ ـﺔ اﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ . ﻳﻌﻤـﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣـﻦ اﻷﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﻛﻤﺨﺘـﱪ وﻫﻤـﻲ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم - ا ﻠ ﻟ ا آﻻف ا ﻟﻨﺠـﻮم داﺧـﻞ ﻧﻈـﺎم واﺣﺪ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﰲ اﻟﻜﺘـﻞ واﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻷﺧﺮى وﻫـﻲ ﻓﺮﺻـﺔ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﻹﺟﺮاء دراﺳﺎت ا ﻘﺎرﻧﺔ . ﺗﻨﺘﴩ ا ﺠﺮات ﰲ ﺻﻮرة ﻛﺎﻣ ا ﻣـ ي ذات اﻷﺷﻜﺎل واﻷﻟﻮان ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء وﺗﺜ اﻷﻟﻮان ا ﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻬـﺬه ا ﺠـﺮات ﺗﺴـﺎؤﻻت ﺣﻮل ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ و ﻣﺪى ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺎ . - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 5 Webb Hubble