Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2025 ARABIC VERSION

39 black hole. The speed and size of theseoutflowsledtheteamtoinfer that a substantial fraction of the mass growth of LID-568 may have occurredinasingleepisodeofrapid accretion. “Thisserendipitousresult added a new dimension to our un- derstanding of the system and opened up exciting avenues for in- vestigation,” says Suh. Inastunningdiscovery,Suhandher teamfoundthatLID-568appearsto be feeding on matter at a rate 40 timesitsEddingtonlimit.Thislimit relates to the maximum luminosity thatablackholecanachieve,aswell as how fast it can absorb matter, such that its inward gravitational force and outward pressure gener- ated from the heat of the com- pressed, infalling matter remain in balance. When LID-568’s luminosity was cal- culated to be so much higher than theoretically possible, the team knew they had something remark- able in their data. “This black hole is having a feast,” says International Gemini Observa- tory/NSF NOIRLab astronomer and co-author Julia Scharwächter. “This extremecaseshowsthatafast-feed- ing mechanism above the Edding- tonlimitisoneofthepossible explanations for why we see these very heavy black holes so early in the Universe.” These results provide new insights into the formation of supermassive blackholesfromsmallerblackhole ‘seeds’,whichcurrenttheoriessug- gest arise either from the death of theUniverse’sfirststars(lightseeds) or the direct collapse of gas clouds (heavyseeds).Untilnow,thesethe- ories lacked observational confir- mation. “The discovery of a super- Eddingtonaccretingblackholesug- gests that a significant portion of mass growth can occur during a singleepisodeofrapidfeeding,re- gardless of whether the black hole originated from a light or heavy seed,” says Suh. ThediscoveryofLID-568alsoshows thatit’spossibleforablackholeto exceeditsEddingtonlimit,andpro- vides the first opportunity for as- tronomers to study how this hap- pens.It’spossiblethatthepowerful outflows observed in LID-568 may be acting as a release valve for the excessenergygeneratedbytheex- treme accretion, preventing the sys- temfrombecomingtoounstable.To furtherinvestigatethemechanisms atplay,theteamisplanningfollow- upobservationswithJWST.    JANUARY-FEBRUARY2025 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻠﺨـــــــﺺ ـــــــﺪﻳﻮ ﻫـــــــﺬا اﻟﻔ أﻋـــــــــﺪﻫﺎ ـــــــــﺔ اﻟـــــــــ اﻟﺘﻐﻄ ﻓﺮ ــــــــــﻖﺳــــــــــﻮﻩ ــــــــــﺔ ﻟﻤﺮاﻗ اﻟﺜﻘــــــــــﺐ اﻷﺳــــــــــﻮد ﻓــــــــــﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ LID-568 . [Images and videos: NOIRLab/NSF/AURA / J. da Silva/M. Za- mani/NASA/CXC/ J.Vaughan/A. M. Gutierrez/J.Dave- laar/RadboudUni- versity/BlackHole- Cam/N. Bartmann (NSF NOIRLab) − Music:Stellardrone– Airglow] 39 ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎدت ﴎﻋﺔ وﺣﺠـﻢ ﻫـﺬه اﻟ ﺘـﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮ ﻳﻖ إﱃ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج أن ﺟﺰء اً اً ﻛﺒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد LID-568 رﺑﻤﺎ ﺣﺪث ﰲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﱰاﻛﻢ اﻟ . ﴪﻳﻊ ـ ﻳﻘﻮل : " ﺳـﻮ ﻟﻘـﺪ أﺿـﺎﻓﺖ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ا ﺼﺎدﻓﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ اً اً ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ إﱃ ﻓﻬﻤﻨـﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈـﺎم وﻓﺘﺤﺖ آﻓﺎﻗًﺎ ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ." وﰲ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﺬﻫﻞ وﺟﺪت ﺳﻮ وﻓﺮﻳ ﻘﻬﺎ أن اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد LID-568 ﻳﺒﺪو أﻧـﻪ ﻳﺘﻐـﺬى ﻋﲆ ا ﺎدة ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﻳﺰﻳـﺪ 40 ﻣـﺮة ﻋـﻦ ﺣـﺪ إدﻳﻨ ﺘﻮنﻐ وﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪ ﺑﺄﻗﴡ ﺳﻄﻮع ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻪ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋـﻦ ﻣﺪى ﴎﻋﺘﻪ ﰲ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص ا ﺎدة ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮارة ا ﺎدة ا ﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮازن . ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ وﺟﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أن ﺷﺪة ﺳﻄﻮع اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد LID-568 أﻋـﲆ ﺑﻜﺜـ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻤﻜ ـﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳ ـﺎ ﻮا ﻋﺮﻓ ـ أن ﻟ ـﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺷــﻴ ﺌﺎً اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎً ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﻢ . ﺗﻘﻮل ﺟﻮﻟﻴﺎ ﺷﺎرواﺗﴩ ﻋﺎ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ وا ﺆﻟﻔﺔ ا ﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﺪوﱄ ﻣﺨﺘـﱪ و ﻻب ﻧﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟ ﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ : " ﻫﺬا اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻟﺪﻳـﻪ ﻣﺄدﺑـﺔ " . ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ا ﺘﻄﺮﻓـﺔ أن آﻟ ﻴ ـﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳــﺔ ـاﻟ ﴪﻳﻌﺔ ﻓـﻮق ﺣـﺪ إدﻳﻨﻐ ﺘـﻮن ﻫـﻲ أﺣـﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺴ ات ا ﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺴـﺒﺐ رؤﻳﺘﻨـﺎ ﻟﻬـﺬه اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪ اً ﰲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜـﺮ اً ﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﻮن . ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ رؤى ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﻮل ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ " ور ﺑﺬ" اﻟﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴـﻮداء اﻷﺻ ـﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤ ـﺎً واﻟﺘ ـﻲ ﺗﺸ ـ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﱃ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ إﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮت اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻷوﱃ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن ) اﻟﺒﺬور اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ أو ( اﻻﻧﻬﻴـﺎر ا ﺒـﺎ ) ﴍ ﻟﺴـﺤﺐ اﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺒـﺬور اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ و ( ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺎت ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﱃ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﺻﺪي . ﻳ ﻘﻮل ﺳﻮ ": ﻳﺸ اﻛﺘﺸـﺎف ﺛﻘـﺐ أﺳـﻮد ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﱰاﻛﻢ إﱃ أن ﺟـﺰءًا ﻛﺒـ ًا ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻤـﻮ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺤﺪث أﺛﻨﺎ ء ﺣﻠﻘـﺔ واﺣـﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﴪﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﻋﻤـﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬرة ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ أو ." ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻳُﻈﻬﺮ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد LID-568 أﻳﻀﺎً أن ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺜﻘﺐ أﺳﻮد ﻳ أن ﺘﺠـﺎوز ﻐدﻳﻨ ﺣـﺪ إ ﺘـﻮن اﻟﺨـﺎص ﺑـﻪ وﺑﻬـﺬا ﻳـﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ اﻷوﱃ ﻟﻌ ﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ . ﻫﺬا ﺣﺪوث ﻣﻦ ا ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻢ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد LID-568 ا ﻃﻼق ﻹ ﻛﺼﻤﺎم ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺰاﺋﺪة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﱰاﻛﻢ اﻟﺸـﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳ ﺤﻤـﻲ اﻟﻨﻈـﺎم ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ . ﺑﻬـﺪف إﺟـﺮاء ا ﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘـ ﰲ ﺎت اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻠﻌﺐ دور اً ﰲ ا ﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻳﺨﻄـﻂ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻷﺟﺮاء ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ اﻷرﺻـﺎد ا ﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ . . - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 5