Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2025 ARABIC VERSION

frared capabilities, also sensitively searched for many other chemicals, including water (H 2 O) and CO 2 . The latter is one of the main forms in which carbon is stored across the solar system. No clear indication of water vapor was detected in the at- mosphere of 29P, which could be re- lated to the extremely cold temper- atures present in this body. The telescope’s unique imaging and spectraldatarevealednever-before- seen features: two jets of CO 2 ema- nating in the north and south direc- tions, and another jet of CO point- ing toward the north. This was the first definitive detection of CO 2 in Centaur 29P. Based on the data gathered by Webb,theteamcreateda3Dmodel of the jets to understand their ori- entation and origin. They found throughtheirmodelingeffortsthat thejetswereemittedfromdifferent regions on the centaur’s nucleus, eventhoughthenucleusitselfcan- notberesolvedbyWebb.Thejets’ angles suggest the possibility that thenucleusmaybeanaggregateof distinctobjectswithdifferentcom- positions;however,otherscenarios can’t yet be excluded. “The fact that Centaur 29P has such dramaticdifferencesintheabun- 2 face suggests that 29P may be made of several pieces,” said Geronimo Villanueva, co-author of the studyat NASA Goddard. “Maybe twopieces coalesced together and made this centaur, which is a mixture be- tweenverydifferentbodiesthatun- derwent separate formation path- ways. It challenges our ideas about how primordial objects are created and stored in the Kuiper Belt.” The reasons for Centaur 29P’s bursts in brightness, and the mechanisms behind its outgassing activitythrough the CO and CO 2 jets, con- tinue to be two major areas of in- terest that require further inves- tigation. In the case of comets, sci- entists know that their jets areoften driven by the outgassing of water.However,becauseofthecen- taurs’location,theyaretoocoldfor water ice to sublimate, meaningthat the nature of their outgassing activity differs from comets. “We only had time to look at this object once, like a snapshot in time,” said Adam McKay, a co-au- thor of the study at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina. “I’d like to go back and look at Centaur 29P over a much longer period of time. Do the jets alwayshavethatorientation?Is there perhaps another carbon monoxide jet that turns on at a dif- ferent point in the rotation period? Looking at these jets over time would give us much better insights into what is driving these out- bursts.” The team is hopeful that as theyincreasetheirunderstandingof Centaur 29P, they can apply the same techniques to other centaurs. By improving the astronomical com- munity’s collective knowledge of centaurs,wecansimultaneouslybet- ter our understanding on the for- mation and evolution of our solar system.     ﰲ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺑﺎردة ﺟـﺪاً ﻓﺈﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺤـﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﲆ ا ﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ا ﻮاد ا ﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﰲ ا ﺮاﺣﻞ ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨ ﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ." ﻟﻘﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜ ب و ﻮ ﻳـﺐ اﻟﺒـﺎب أﻣـﺎم دﻗـﺔ وﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎب ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ رأﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻛﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﺴ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺷﻴﺌًﺎ ﻛﻬﺬا ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ". ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﺪارات اﻟﻘﻨﻄﻮر اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة وﺧﻔﻮﺗﻪ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺼـﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ا ـﺎﴈ . أﻇﻬـﺮت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت ا ﺴـﺘﻤﺪة ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ـﺎت اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻄـﻮل ا ﻮﺟـﺔ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻄﻮر 29P أن اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛـﺎت ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺗﺸ ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ إﱃ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ واﻷرض) ( وﺗﺘﻜـﻮن ﻣﻦ أول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن . اﻛﺘﺸ ـﻒ ﺗﻠﺴ ـﻜﻮب وﻳ ـﺐ ﻫ ـﺬه اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛ ـﺎت ا ﻮاﺟﻬﺔ وﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﺮآﺗﻪ اﻟﻜﺒ ة وﻗﺪراﺗﻪ ﻋﲆ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﺑﺤﺚ أﻳﻀ ﺑ ﺎً ﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ا ﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺧـﺮى ﺑﻤـﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ا ﺎء وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن . ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻷﺧ أﺣـﺪ اﻷﺷـﻜﺎل اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸ . ﻤﴘـ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ أي إﺷﺎرة واﺿﺤ ﺔ ﻟﺒﺨـﺎر ا ﺎء ﰲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟ ﻠﻘﻨﻄﻮر 29P ﻫﻮ ﻣـﺎ و ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺗ ﺎً ﺒﻄ ﺑﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤـﺮارة اﻟﺒـﺎردة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ا ﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺮم . ﻟ ﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻋﻦ ﺳﻤﺎت ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ﺎﻧﻔ: ﺛﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺜﺎن ﰲ اﺗﺠﺎﻫ ﺷﻤﺎﱄ وﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺔﺛـﺎ وﻧﻔ أﺧـﺮ ى أول ﻣـﻦ أﻛﺴـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن ﻳﺸـ إﱃ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل وﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا أول اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﰲ اﻟﻘﻨﻄﻮر 29P . ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﲆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎت اﻟ ﺘـﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻬـﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ، أﻧﺸﺄ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﻧﻤﻮذﺟـ ﺎً ﺛﻼﺛـﻲ اﻷﺑﻌـﺎد ﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻔ ﺛﺎت ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﺗﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ وأﺻﻠﻬﺎ ووﺟﺪوا ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﺟﻬـﻮدﻫﻢ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟــﺔ أن اﻟﻨﻔ ﺎ ﺛ ـﺎت ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻮاة اﻟﻘﻨﻄـﻮر ﻋﲆ اﻟ ﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ أن اﻟﻨـﻮاة ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب . وﻳﺐ ﺗﺸ زواﻳﺎ ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻘﻨﻄـﻮر إﱃ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎل أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻮاة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻷﺟﺴﺎم ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ذات ﺗﺮاﻛﻴـ ﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎد ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت أﺧﺮى ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن . اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺟﻮدارد اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ " : إن ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ ﺳـﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 13 رﺳـــﻢ ﻣﺘﺤـــﺮك ﺼـــﻮرﻧﺸـــﺎط إﻃـــﻼق اﻟﻐـــﺎزات ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﻄــــ )ﻮر 29P / وﺷــــﻤﺎن – ﺷﻮاﺳـــﻤﺎن 1( اﺳـــــــــﺘﻨﺎد اً ﺗـــــــــﻢ ﻤﻌﻬــــــــــﺎ إﻟـــــــــﻰ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧـــــــــﺎت اﻟـــــــــ ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ أداة NIRSpec ) ـــــﺎف اﻷﺷـــــﻌﺔ ﻣﻄ ﺗﺤـــــــﺖ اﻟـــــــ ـ ــــــــﺔ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ( اﻟﺘﺎ ﻌـــــــﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺴــــــــ ﻮب ﺟـــ ﻤﺲ ـــﺐ و اﻟﻔﻀـــﺎﺋﻲ . ﻌﺘـــ اﻟﻘﻨﻄـــﻮر 29P أﺣــــــــﺪ أﻛــــــــ اﻷﺟﺴــــــــﺎم ﻧﺸــــــــﺎﻃ ﺎ ﻓــــــــﻲ اﻟﻨﻈــــــــﺎم اﻟﺸﻤﺴـــــﻲ اﻟــــــ ـ ﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ـــــﺚ ﺘﻌــــــﺮض ﻟﺜــــــﻮرات ﺣ ﺷـــــــ ﮫ دور ــــــــﺔ ﻓــــــــﻲ اﻟﺴـــــــﻄﻮ .ع ــــــــﺪﻳﻮ ــــــــﺪأ اﻟﻔ ﻳ ـــــﺎﻟﺘﻜﺒ ــــــﺔ أﻗـــــﺮ ﻟ ﻟﻠﺤﺼــــــﻮل ﻋﻠـــــﻰ رؤ ﻠﺘﺼــــــﻮر اﻟﺘﺨ ﻠـــــــــــﻲ ﻟــــــــــــ 29P . ـــــــــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺸـــــــــــﻬﺪ ـــــــــــﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻄ ﺑﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪ ﺪ اﻟﻨﻔ ﺎ ﺛـﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ـﺔ اﻷرﻌــــﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــــﺔ ﻗﺒــــﻞ دوران اﻟﻘﻨﻄــــﻮر ﺣــــ ﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟ ـﺠﺮم ﻣﻦ زوا ﺎ ﻣﺨ ﺘﻠﻔﺔ . ] [NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hus- tak (STScI] ( ﻗﺎل ﺟ وﻧﻴﻤﻮ ﻓﻴﻼﻧﻮﻓﺎ ا ﺆﻟـﻒ ا ﺸـﺎرك ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺟﻮدارد ا ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ " : إن ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺔ أن اﻟﻘﻨﻄـﻮر 29P ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬه اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓـﺎت اﻟﺪراﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﰲ أول وﻓـﺮة أﻛﺴـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮن وﺛـﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴـﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻋﱪ ﺳـﻄﺤﻪ ﺗﺸـ إﱃ أن 29P ﻗـﺪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻗﻄﻊ رﺑﻤﺎ اﻧﺪﻣﺠﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﺎن ﺎً ﻣﻌ وﺷﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﻨﻄﻮر وﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺰﻳﺞ ﺑـ أﺟﺴﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﺧﺎﺿـﺖ ﻣﺴـﺎ رات ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤـﺪى أﻓﻜﺎرﻧـﺎ ﺣـﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻷﺟ ﺮام اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻴـﺔ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬـﺎ ﰲ ". ﺣﺰام ﻛﺎﻳﱪ ﻻ ﺗﺰال أﺳﺒﺎب اﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ﺳـﻄﻮع اﻟﻘﻨﻄـﻮر 29P واﻵﻟﻴﺎت وراء ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ ﰲ إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎت أول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘـ رﺋﻴﺴـﻴﺘ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺗﺘ اً ﻄﻠﺒﺎن ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ . ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ا ﺬﻧﺒﺎت ﻳﻌﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء أن ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎﺗﻬـﺎ ﺎً ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺈﺧﺮاج اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣـ ﻦ ا ﺎء وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺮ اً ﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻘﻨﻄﻮر ﻓﻬ ﻮ ﺑﺎرد اً ﺟﺪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﻴﺪ ا ﺎﺋﻲ أن ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻣﻰ ﻣﻤـﺎ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ أن ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻧﺸـﺎﻃﻪ ﰲ إﺧـﺮاج اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ا ﺬﻧﺒﺎت . ﻗـﺎل آدم ﻣﺎﻛـﺎي أﺣـﺪ ﻣـﺆﻟﻔﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﻻﻳﺔ أﺑﺎﻻﺗﺸﻴﺎن ﰲ ﺑﻮن ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻮرث ﻛﺎروﻟﻴﻨﺎ " : ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈـﺮ إﱃ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺴﻢ إﻻ ﻣﺮ ة واﺣﺪة وﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻟﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و أود أن أﻋﻮد وأﻧﻈﺮ إﱃ اﻟﻘﻨﻄـﻮر 29P ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى ﻓﱰة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ أﻃﻮل ﺑﻜﺜ . ﻫﻞ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺎت داﺋﻤًﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎه؟ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ رﺑﻤـﺎ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺎت دا ﺎً ﺋﻤ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎه؟ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ رﺑﻤـﺎ ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ أول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﺗﺸـﺘﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻓﱰة اﻟﺪوران؟ إن اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﱃ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺎت ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣـﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳ ﻤﻨﺤﻨـﺎ رؤى أﻓﻀـﻞ ﺑﻜﺜـ ﺣـﻮل اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ ﻟﺤﺪوث ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ." ﻳ ﺄﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ ﻟ ﻠﻘﻨﻄـﻮر 29P ﻳﻤﻜ ﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ﻋـﲆ اﻟﻘﻨﻄﻮرات اﻷﺧﺮى . ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺴ ا ﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻘﻨﻄﻮرات ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﺗﺤﺴــ ﻓﻬﻤﻨـﺎ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻳﻦ وﺗﻄـﻮر ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨـﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﴘ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم . . - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 5