Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2024 ARABIC VERSION

For these and other reasons, in recent decades, the tired light hypothesis has increasingly fallen into oblivion, at least until Gupta arrived, with the publication of the article mentioned above. Initially, Gupta at- tempted to create a hybrid model, combining the standard expand- ing universe model with that of tired light, to see if the results provided could account for the data collected by Webb. What the scientist achieved was to expand the age of the universe up to 19.3 billion years, a value still insufficient to ac- count for the ob- served structures of early galaxies. S u b s e q u e n t l y , Gupta created a new hybrid model, abandoning the standard one and combining that of tired light with a cosmological the- ory proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937, based on the hypothesis that the gravitational constant decreases slowly over time. This second complex attempt has al- most doubled the age of the uni- verse commonly accepted today, making the precocious galaxies ob- served by Webb no longer preco- cious, since the time available for their formation and evolution lengthens 10 to 20 times compared to the standard model. Even Gupta’s new model, however, will have to be able to satisfactorily interpret all those observations already correctly interpreted by the standard model, and this remains to be seen. At the moment, the solution pro- posed by Gupta to solve the prob- lem of precocious galaxies seems to raise more doubts than certainties, and the astronomical community mostly limits itself to considering it an interesting thought experiment to explore the kind of physics we will need to explain the observa- tions by Webb and possibly future, very powerful telescopes. Let us conclude by asking ourselves a question: “Is it credible that a cen- tury of cosmological studies, which have seen among the protagonists some of the best minds ever, have led to underestimating the age of the universe by almost 50%?”     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻷﺳـﺒﺎب وﻏ ﻫـﺎ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﻀـﻮء ا ﺘﻌﺐ ﰲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻷﺧ ة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﻫﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎن ﻋﲆ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ " ﻏﻮﺑﺘ ـﺎ " وﺻـﻮل ﻣ ـﻊ ﴩ ا ـﻧ ـ ﻘ ـﺎل ا ـﺬﻛﻮر أﻋﻼه . ﰲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳـﺔ ﺣـﺎول " ﻏﻮﺑﺘﺎ " إﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻤـﻮذج ﻫﺠ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻴ ﺎﳼ ا ﺘﻮﺳﻊ وﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺘﻌـﺐ ﻌﺮﻓــﺔ ﻣــﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ا ﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ـ ﺗﻔـ ﻧـﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﴪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ وﻣﺎ ﺣﻘﻘﻪ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ ﻫـﻮ زﻳـﺎدة ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜـﻮن إﱃ 19.3 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ وﻫـﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻏ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴ اﻟﺒﻨﻰ ا ﺮﺻﻮدة ﻟﻠﻤﺠ ـﺮات ا ﺒﻜ ـﺮة وﰲ ، وﻗــﺖ ﻻﺣــﻖ اﺑﺘﻜــﺮ " ﻏﻮﺑﺘﺎ " ﻧﻤﻮذﺟ ﺎً ﺎً ﻫﺠﻴﻨ اً ﺟﺪﻳــﺪ ﻴــﺎً ﻣﺘﺨﻠ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ ودﻣﺞ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺘﻌﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻗﱰﺣﻬﺎ " ﺑـﻮل دﻳـﺮاك " ﰲ ﻋﺎم 1937 اﺳﺘﻨﺎد إﱃ اً ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮات MACS0416 اﻟـ رﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲﻣـﺆﺧﺮًا ﻓـﻲﺿـﻮء اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟـ ﺗﻠﺴـ ﻮبﺟـ ﻤﺲو ـ . ﻤﺮاء ـــﺪاﺋﻲ ﻳﺤﺘـــﻮيﻋﻠـــﻰﻣﺠـــﺮات ﺗﺘﻤـــ ﻤﺜـــﻞ ﻫـــﺬا ـــﻮن اﻟ ﻛﺸـــﻔﺖ ﻟﻌﻠﻤـــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـــﻚﻷول ﻣـــﺮة أن اﻟ و ﺎﻧـــﺖﺻـــﻮر ﻬـــﺬﻩ ﻫـــﻲ اﻟـــ ﻳ اﻟﺘﻄﻮراﻟﻤ ﻜﺮاﻟﺬ ﺪو ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺴ وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ ﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟ ﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳﻲ . ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺎدﻫﺎ أن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﺒﻂء ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﻗﺪ أدت ﻫـﺬه ا ﺤﺎوﻟـﺔ ا ﻌﻘﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ إﱃ ﻣﻀـﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜـﻮن ا ﻘﺒﻮل . ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ رﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺒﻜﺮة اﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﻷن اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ا ﺘﺎح ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ وﺗﻄﻮرﻫـﺎ ﻳﻄـﻮل ﺑﻤﻘﺪار 10 إﱃ 20 ﻣـﺮة ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮ ذج اﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ وﻣﻊ ذﻟـﻚ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻧﻤـﻮذج " ﻏﻮﺑﺘـﺎ " اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻗـﺎدراً ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻔﺴـ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ا ﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻔﺴـ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜـﻮن ﻗـﺎدراً ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻔﺴـ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ا ﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻔﺴـ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﻴـﺎﳼ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﺮضٍ وﻳﺒﻘﻰ أن ﻧﺮى ﻫﺬ . ا ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟـﺬي اﻗﱰﺣـﻪ "ﻮﺑﺘﺎ ﻏ" ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜـﺮة ﻳﺜـ ﺷﻜﻮﻛﺎً أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻘ وﻳ ـ ﻘﺘﴫ ا ﺠﺘﻤـﻊ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﰲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﲆ اﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜ ة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف ﻧـﻮع اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳـﺎء ﻟ ﺳﻨﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻴﻪ ﴩح ارﺻﺎد ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ورﺑﻤﺎ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪًا .. اﻟﺬي ﻟ ﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺤﺘﺎج إﻟ ﴩح أرﺻـﺎد ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ورﺑﻤﺎ اﻟ ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ا ﺘﻄـﻮرة ا ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪاً . دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺨﺘﺘﻢ ﺑﻄﺮح ﺳﺆال ﻋﲆ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ : " ﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ا ﻌﻘﻮل أن ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﺎﺋـﺔ ﻋـﺎم ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ا ﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪت ﺑ أﺑﻄﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑ ﻌﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﻮل اﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق ﻗـﺪ أدى إﱃ ا ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ 50 ."؟ﺎً ٪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ 9 - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 4