Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2024 ARABIC VERSION

spectrum, the synchrotron radiation is seen in unprecedented detail with Webb’s NIRCam instrument. To locate the Crab Nebula’s pulsar heart, trace the wisps that follow a circular ripple-like pattern in the middle to the bright white dot in the center. Farther out from the core, follow the thin white ribbons of the radiation. The curvy wisps are closely grouped together, outlining the structure of the pulsar’s mag- netic field, which sculpts and shapes the nebula. At center left and right, the white material curves sharply inward from the filamentary dust cage’s edges and goes toward the neutron star’s location, as if the waist of the neb- ula is pinched. This abrupt slimming may be caused by the confinement of the supernova wind’s expansion by a belt of dense gas. The wind produced by the pulsar heart continues to push the shell of gas and dust outward at a rapid pace. Among the remnant’s interior, yellow-white and green mottled fil- aments form large-scale loop-like structures, which represent areas where dust grains reside. The search for answers about the Crab Nebula’s past continues as as- tronomers further analyze the Webb data and consult previous observa- tions of the remnant taken by other telescopes. Scientists will have newer Hubble data to review within the next year or so from the telescope’s reimaging of the supernova rem- nant. This will mark Hubble’s first look at emission lines from the Crab Nebula in over 20 years, and will enable as- tronomers to more accurately com- pare Webb and Hubble’s findings.     JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2024 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 50 اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴـ ،ﴘـ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ رؤﻳـﺔ إﺷـﻌﺎع اﻟﺴ ـﻨﻜﺮوﺗﺮون ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻ ـﻴﻞ ﻏ ـ ﻣﺴ ـﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أداة " ﻛـﺎم ﻧ" ﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب وﻳـﺐ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨـﺎﺑﺾ ﻟﺴـﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﴪﻃﺎن ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺘﺒـﻊ اﻟﺨﺼـﻼت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ ﺎً ﻧﻤﻄ ﺎً داﺋﺮﻳ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﻤﻮج ﰲ اﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺣﺘـﻰ ا ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﰲ ا . ﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪاً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺗﻨــﺘﴩ ﴍاﺋـﻂ اﻹﺷـﻌﺎع اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء اﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ وﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺨﺼﻼت ا ﺘﻌﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻌ ـﺎً ﺑﺸ ـﻜﻞ وﺛﻴ ـﻖ ﻟﺘﺤ ـﺪد ﺑﻨﻴ ـﺔ ا ﺠ ـﺎل ا ﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴ ـ ﴘ ﻟﻠـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨـﺎﺑﺾ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﻨﺤـﺖ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ وﻳﺸﻜﻠﻪ . ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻴﺴـﺎر واﻟﻴﻤـ ﺗﻨﺤﻨـﻲ ا ـﺎدة اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎد إﱃ اﻟـﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺣـﻮاف ﻗﻔﺺ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر اﻟﺨﻴﻄﻲ وﺗﺘﺠـﻪ ﻧﺤـﻮ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﺧﴫ اﻟﺴﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃًﺎ . ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﺨﺴـﻴﺲ ا ﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻫﻮ اﺣﺘﺠـﺎز ﺗﻤـﺪد رﻳـﺎح ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺰام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ . ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺮﻳـﺎح اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬـﺎ ﻗﻠـﺐ اﻟـﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨـﺎﺑﺾﰲ دﻓـﻊ ﻏـﻼف اﻟﻐـﺎز واﻟﻐﺒـﺎر إﱃ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﺑﻮﺗ ة ﴎﻳﻌـﺔ و ﻣـﻦ ﺑـ اﻷﺟـﺰاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎﻳـﺎ ﺗﺸـﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﻴـﻮط ا ﺮﻗﻄـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻧ أﺻﻔﺮ - أﺑـﻴﺾ واﻷﺧـ ﻫﻴﺎﻛـﻞ ﴬ ـ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت و اﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻤﺜـﻞ ا ﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻐﺒﺎر . ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋـﻦ إﺟﺎﺑـﺎت ﺣـﻮل ﻣـﺎﴈ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ـ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟـ ﴪﻃﺎن ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻘـﻮم اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﻮن ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ أﻛـﱪ وﻳﺮاﺟﻌﻮن اﻷ رﺻﺎد اﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎﻳـﺎ اﻟﺘـﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى و ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت أﺣﺪث ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﺮا ﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺎم ا ﻘﺒـﻞ او ﻧﺤـﻮ ذﻟـﻚ ــــ ﻗﻴﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﺎﻋﺎدة ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳـﺎ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ و ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻫـﺬا ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑـﺔ أول ﻧﻈﺮة ﻳﻠﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﻋـﲆ ﺧﻄـﻮط اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻣﻦ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﴪﻃﺎن ﻣﻨﺬ أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ 20 ﺎً ﻋﺎﻣ وﺳﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧـﺔ ( ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ) و ( وﻳﺐ) ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ . - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 4 ﻣﻘﺎر ـﺔ ــ ﺎً ﺟﻨ إﻟــﻰﺟﻨــﺐ ﻟﺴـﺪ ﻢ اﻟﺴــﺮﻃﺎن ﻤـﺎ رﺻــﺪﻩ ﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻀـﻮء اﻟ ﺼــﺮي ( ﺴــﺎر ) ــﺐ اﻟﻔﻀــﺎﺋﻲﻓــﻲﺿــﻮء اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟــ وﺗﻠﺴــ ﻮبﺟــ ﻤﺲو ـ (. ﻤـ ) ﻤﺮاء ﺗــﻢ إﺻــﺪار ﺻــﻮرة ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ ﻓــﻲﻋـﺎم 2005 اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻤــﺎء اﻟﻔﻠــﻚ ﻣـﺆﺧﺮ ﻓــﻲﺣـ اً اداة ـﺎم " ﻧ " ــﺐ اﻟــﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺘﻠﺴــ ﻮب و ) ـﺎﻣ ا اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟــ ـ ــﺔ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮ ( ) وﻣــ ي أداة اﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤــﺖ اﻟــ ـ ﻤﺮاء اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳــﻄﺔ ( ﻟﻠﻜﺸــﻒﻋــﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﺪ ﺪة ﻟﺴﺪ ﻢ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن . ﻓﻲﺻﻮرة ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸ ﻞ اﻟ ـ ﺗ ﺨﻴﻮط اﻟ ﻘﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟـ ـ ﺘ ﻮن ﻓـﻲ ﻏﻼﻓـــ ـــﺪروﺟ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬـــﺎ ﻣـــﻦ اﻟﻬ ﺎً ـــ ﺎً ﺧﺎرﺟ ﺎً واﺿـــﺤ ﺸـــ ﮫ اﻟﻘﻔـــﺺ . ﺗﺤﺘـــﻮي اﻟـــ ـ ـــﺎﻟﻠﻮن ﺨﻴﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻄـــﺔ اﻷزرق ﺎﺗﺠـﺎﻩ اﻟــ ـ ـ ﺠﺰء اﻟــ ﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺳــﺪ ﻢ اﻟﺴــﺮﻃﺎن ــﺪ ﻣﺤﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ أﻛﺴــﺠ ﺑ ــﺖ اﻟﻤﺘــﺄﻳﻦ ﻨﻤـﺎ ﺸــ ﻞ اﻟﻜ اً ﻣﻨﻔـﺮد ــﺖ ﻣـﺰدوج اﻟﺘـﺄﻳﻦ ﻣـﺎدة رﻗ ﻘــﺔ ﻤـﺮاء وﺧﻀــﺮاء واﻟﻜ . ﺴـﻠﻂ اﻟﺘــﻮﻫﺞ اﻟﺴـﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛــﺰاﻟــﺪاﺧﻠ ــﻢ ﻧﻴــﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻲﺳــﺮ ﻊ اﻟــﺪوران ﻲ اﻟﻀــﻮء ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟــﻨ ﻢ اﻟﻨــﺎ ﺾ ﻟﻠﺴــﺪ ﻢ وﻫــﻮ ﻧ . ﻋﻠــﻰﻏــﺮار اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟ ﺼﺮ ﺔ اﻟ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﺗُﻈﻬِﺮﻗﺪرات ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب و ﺐ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟـ ـ ـﺔ ﻤﺮاء اﻟ ﻨ ﺗ اﻟﻮاﺿــﺤﺔ اﻟــ ــﺎ اﻟﻤﺴــﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ﺸــ ﮫ اﻟﻘﻔــﺺ ﻟ ﻘﺎ ـﻮن ﻣــﻦ ﺧ ﺗﺘ واﻟــ ﻴــﻮطﻏﺎز ــﺔ ــﺔ ﻤــﺮاء ﺑﺮ ﻘﺎﻟ اﻟﻠﻮن ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻜ ﺖ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﻳﻦ و . ـﺎ ـﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻘﺎ اﻷﺟـﺰاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠ ﻣـﻦ ﺑـ ﺗﺸـ ﻞ اﻟـﺘﻼل اﻟﺮﻗ ﻘـﺔ ذات اﻟﻠـﻮن اﻷﺻـﻔﺮ ــــﻞ ﺗﺸــــ ﮫ اﻟــــ واﻷﺑــــ ﺾواﻷﺧﻀــــﺮﻫ ﺎ ـ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ واﺳــــﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄــــﺎق ﺗﻤﺜــــﻞ اﻟﻤﻨــــﺎﻃﻖ واﻟــــ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟــــﺪ ﻓﻴﻬــــﺎ اﻟــــ ــﺎر ﺟﺰ ﺌــﺎت اﻟﻐ ـــﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﻣـــﺎدة ـــﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘــﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ــﺔ وﺗﺘ ــﺔ د ﺧﺎﻧ . ﺷــﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻫـــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤــﺎ دة اﻟﺒ ﻀـــﺎء ﻫــﻲ إﺷــﻌﺎع اﻟﺴــﻨﻜﺮوﺗﺮون ــﻒ ﻨ ﻌــﺚ ﻋـــ اﻟﻄ اﻟــﺬ اﻟ ﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴــﻲوﻟﻜﻨــﮫ ﺼــﺒﺢ ﻧﺎ ﻀــ ﺎً ـ ﺎﻟـــ ﺤ ﺎة ﻔﻀـــﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـــ ﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـــ ﻮب ـــﺔ ـــﺐ واﺳـــﺘ ﺎﻧﺘﮫ اﻟﻤ ﺎﻧ و ـــﺘﻢ ﺗﺴـــﺮﻌﻬﺎ ـــﺪﻩ ﺑﻮاﺳـــﻄﺔ ﺟﺴـــ ﻤﺎت ـــﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟ و إﻟﻰﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء دوراﻧ ﻬﺎ ﺣﻮل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃ ﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲوﺳﻂﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﻴ ﻞ اﻟﺸـﺒ ﮫ ﺎﻟـ ـ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ ﺑ ﻀـﺎء ﻧﺎﺻـﻌﺔ : اﻟـﻨ ﻢ اﻟﻨـﺎ ﺾ ﻟﻠﺴـﺪ ﻢ . أن ﻼﺣـﻆ ﻌﺾﺧﻴﻮط اﻟﻐﺎزﺗ ﻮن أﻛ زرﻗـﺔ . ﺗﺤﺘـﻮيﻫـ ـﺪ ﻣﺘـﺄﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻔـﺮد ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰﺣﺪ . ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل دراﺳـﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻧـــﺎت ﺗﻠﺴـــ ﻮب ـــﺐ و وﻣﺮاﺟﻌـــﺔ اﻷ رﺻـــﺎد اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺘﻬـــﺎ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـــ ﻮ ﺎت اﻷﺧـــﺮ ـــﺎ اﻟـــ اﻟﺴـــﺎ ﻘﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻘﺎ ى، ﻣﺜـــﻞ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ، ﻤﻜﻦ ﻟ ﻠ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﺴﺪ ﻢ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن ﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺗﺤﺴ ﺗﻮو ﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺤ ﺎة اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ .