Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2024 ARABIC VERSION

T lution of the universe, start- his image represents the evo- ing from the Big Bang (according to Rajendra Gupta). [NASA] o f galaxies that have gone through billions of years of evolution. The situ- ation has become further compli- cated with the recent publi- cation in Nature of an article (also signed by our sci- entific consultant, Enrico Maria Corsini; first author Luca Costantin) announcing the discovery of a barred spiral galaxy structurally sim- ilar to the Milky Way, called ceers- 2112 (where “ceers” stands for Cosmic Evolution Early Release Sci- ence survey) and already exist- ing when the universe was two billion years old. The simulations do not predict the exis- tence of this type of mature galaxy at a redshit beyond z=1.5 (about nine billion years after the Big Bang), while ceers-2112 is found at z=3. The presence of highly evolved gal- axies in the very young universe cannot be explained by current cos- mological models, which are based on the concept of expansion of the universe following the Big Bang. These models agree in dating the beginning of everything to around JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2024 ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮت ﺑﻤﻠﻴـﺎرات اﻟﺴـﻨ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر . أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪًا ﻣﻊ ـﻧﺸ ﺮ ﻣﻘﺎل ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﻴـﺘﴩ وﻗﻌﻪ ) اً ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ـ أﻳﻀ ﺎً ﻣﺴﺘﺸـﺎرﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ إﻧﺮﻳﻜـﻮ ﻣﺎرﻳـﺎ ﻛﻮرﺳﻴﻨﻲ وا ﺆﻟﻒ اﻷول ﻟﻮﻛﺎ ﻛﻮﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺘ ( ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﺠﺮة ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴـﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴـﺔ درب اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧـ ﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ceers- 2112 ) ﺗﺸ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " ceers " إﱃ ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻄـﻮر ا ﻟﻜـﻮﻧﻲ ( اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ( وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻴﺎري ﺳﻨﺔ . ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛـﺎن ﻋﻤـﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻴﺎري ﺳﻨﺔ . ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺒﺄ ا ﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ا ﺠﺮات اﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﻤــﺮاء ﺗﺘﺠــﺎوز z=1.5 ) ﺣــﻮاﱄ ﺗﺴــﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر اﻟﻌﻈـﻴﻢ ، ﰲ ( ﺣ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﲆ ceers-2112 ﻋﻨﺪ z=3 . ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴ وﺟـﻮد ﻣﺠـﺮات ﻣﺘﻄـﻮرة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﻤـﺎذج اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋـﲆ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮم ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﻔﺠـﺎر اﻟﻜﺒـ . ﺗﺘﻔـﻖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻋـﲆ ﺗـﺄرﻳﺦ ﺑﺪاﻳـﺔ ﻛـﻞ ﳾء ﺑﺤﻮاﱄ 13.8 ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻀﺖ . - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 4