Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2024 ARABIC VERSION

a much smaller region, especially within a few dozen light-years from the galactic center, has remained un- clear due to its minimal spatial scale. For instance, to quantitatively com- prehend the growth of black holes, it is necessary to measure the accre- tion flow rate (how much gas is flowing in) and to determine the amounts and types of gases (plasma, atomic gas, molecular gas) that are expelled as outflows at that small scale. Unfortunately, observational understanding in this regard has not progressed significantly until now, when the team led by Takuma Izumi, an assistant professor at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (affiliated with NAOJ and Tokyo Metropolitan University at the time of this study), has achieved a world-first success by quantita- tively measuring gas flows and their structures for all phases (plasma, atomic, and molecular) at a tiny spa- tial scale of just a few light-years around a supermassive black hole. Observations of multiphase gases can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the distribution and dynamics of matter around a black hole. The observed object was the Circinus Galaxy, a representative active ga- lactic nucleus in the nearby Universe. The achieved resolution was approx- imately one light-year. This marks the highest resolution achieved for multiphase gas observations in an active galactic nucleus. In this study, the research team ini- tially succeeded in capturing, for the first time, the accretion flow head- ing towards the supermassive black hole within the high-density gas disk extending over several light-years from the galactic center. Identifying this accretion flow had long been a challenging task due to the small scale of the region and the complex motions of gas near the galactic cen- ter. However, in this instance, the re- search team pinpointed where the foreground molecular gas was ab- sorbing the light from the back- ground brightly shining, active galactic nucleus. This identification was made possible through high- resolution observations with ALMA. Detailed analysis revealed that this absorbing material is moving in the direction away from us. Since the JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2024 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 39 رﺳــــــﻢ ﺗﺨ ﻠـــــــﻲ ﻳﻮﺿـــــــﺢ ﺗﻮز ــــــﻊ اﻟﻮﺳـــــــﻂ ﺑـــــــ اﻟﻨ ﻤـﻲﻓــﻲ ﻧــﻮاة ا ﻟﻤﺠــﺮة اﻟﻨﺸـﻄﺔ ﻨــﺎءً ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻧﺘــﺎﺋﺞ ﻫــﺬ ا اﻟﺮﺻـــﺪ . ﺘــﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐـــﺎز اﻟــ ـ ﻋـــﺎﻟﻲ ﺠﺰ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﺠــﺮة ﻧﺤــﻮ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳــﻮد ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻘﺮص . ﺗﻮﻟـــﺪ اﻟﻤــــﻮاد اﻟﻤ ا ﻤــــﺔ ﺣـــﻮل اﻟ ﺜ ﻘــــﺐ اﻷﺳــــﻮد ـــــﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠـــــﺔ ﻣـــــﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗـــــﺔ ﻤ ﻣﻤـــــﺎ ﺘﺴـــــ ﺐ ﻓـــــﻲ ﺗــﺪﻣ اﻟﻐـــﺎز اﻟـــ ـ وﺗﺤﻮ ﻠــﮫ إﻟـــﻰﻃـــﻮر ذري ﺠﺰ و ﻼزﻣﻲ . ــــــﺘﻢﻃـــــــﺮد ﻣﻌﻈـــــــﻢ ﻫـــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻐـــــــﺎزات ﻣﺘﻌـــــــﺪدة ـــﺪًا ﻋـــﻦ ﻃﺮ ـــﻖ اﻟﺘـــﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟـــ اﻷﻃـــﻮار ﻌ ـ ﺨﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة ) ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲذﻟﻚ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟ ﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟـ ﺗﺤـــــــﺪث ﺸـــــــ ﻞ أﺳﺎﺳـــــــﻲﻓـــــــﻲ اﻻﺗﺠـــــــﺎﻩ ﻓـــــــﻮق اﻟﻘـــــﺮصواﻟﺘـــــﺪﻓﻘﺎ ت اﻟﺬر ـــــﺔ أو اﻟـــــ ـ ﺠﺰ ﺌ ﺔ اﻟـــــ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺸ ﻞ ﻗﻄﺮي ( ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟـ ـ ﺨﺎرﺟﺔ ﺳــﺘﻌﻮد إﻟــﻰ اﻟﻘــﺮص ﻟﺘﻌﻤــﻞ ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻧــﺎﻓﻮرة ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز . ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻋـ ـ ﻦ اﻟ ﴩات ﻣـ ﺴـﻨ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ا ﺠﺮة ﻓﻘـﺪ ﻇﻠـﺖ ﻏـ واﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ ا ﻜﺎﻧﻲ ا ﺤﺪود . ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا ﺜﺎل ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟ ﺜﻘﻮب اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻛﻤﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﴬوري ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘـﺪﻓﻖ ا ﺘﺰاﻳـﺪ ) ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ا ﺘﺪﻓﻘﺔ ( وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻐـﺎزات ) اﻟﺒﻼزﻣـﺎ واﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟـﺬري واﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺼﻐ . ﻟﺴﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ ﻓـﺈن اﻟﻔﻬـﻢ اﻟﺮﺻـﺪي ﰲ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺼﺪد ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻘﺪم ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤـﻮظ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻵن . ـــ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﻘﻖ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة ﺗﺎﻛﻮﻣﺎ إﻳﺰوﻣـﻲ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ا ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﻠﻜـﻲ اﻟـﻮﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﻴﺎﺑــﺎﻧﻲ و ا ﻨﺘﺴــﺐ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻣ ﻌــﺔ ﻃﻮﻛﻴــﻮ ﻣﱰوﺑﻮﻟﻴﺘﺎن ﰲ وﻗﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ ﻧﺠﺎﺣـ ﺎً ﺎً ﻋﺎ ﻴ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﻘﻴـﺎس اﻟﻜﻤـﻲ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻬـﺎ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻠ و ﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ا ﺮاﺣـﻞ ) اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ، واﻟﺬرﻳﺔ، واﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ( ﻋـﲆ ﻧﻄـﺎق ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻲ ﺻـﻐ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠـﺎوز ﺑﻀـﻊ ﺳـﻨﻮات ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺛﻘﺐ أﺳـﻮد ﻫﺎﺋـﻞ . ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ أرﺻﺎد اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷﻃ ﻮار ﻓﻬﻤـﺎً أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻤﻮﻻً ﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ودﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎت ا ﺎدة ﺣﻮل اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ا ﺮﺻﻮد ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮة اﻟﺒﻴﻜـﺎر وﻫﻲ ﺗﻤﺜـﻞ ﻧـﻮاة ﻣﺠـﺮة ﻧﺸـﻄﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻜـﻮن اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ وﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﺬي ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬـ ﺎ ﰲ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺗ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺣﻮاﱄ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ واﺣـﺪة . ــ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا أﻋﲆ دﻗﺔ ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ﻟﺮﺻـﺪات اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ا ﺮاﺣﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻮاة ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ . وﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳـﺔ، ﻧﺠـﺢ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺜـﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺘ ﻘﺎط وﻷول ﻣﺮة اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﱰاﻛﻤﻲ ا ﺘﺠﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺜﻘـﺐ اﻷﺳـﻮد اﻟﻬﺎﺋـﻞ ﺿـﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻋﺎﱄ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ا ﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻋـﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ا ﺠﺮة . وﻟﻄﺎ ﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘـﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﱰاﻛﻤـﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺻـﻐﺮ ﺣﺠـﻢ ا ﻨﻄﻘـﺔ واﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت ا ﻌﻘ ﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ا ﺠﺮة وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ، ﺣـﺪد ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ا ﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻳﻤـﺘﺺ ﻓﻴـﻪ اﻟﻐـﺎز اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻣـﻦ ﻧـﻮاة ا ﺠـﺮة اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ . أﺻـﺒﺢ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻨ ﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺻـﺪ أ ـﺎ وﻛﺸـﻒ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺼـﻴﲇ أن ﻫـﺬه ا ـﺎ دة ا ﺎﺻـﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﰲ اﻻ ﺗﺠﺎه ﺑﻌﻴﺪ اً ﻋﻨـﺎ وﺑﻤـﺎ أن ا ـﺎدة ا ﺎﺻـﺔ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮدة داﺋﻤـﺎً ﺑـ ﻧـﻮاة ا ﺠـﺮة اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ وﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻘـﺎط اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﱰاﻛﻤﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﻮاة ا ﺠﺮة اﻟﻨﺸـﻄﺔ . ـــ - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 4