Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2024 ARABIC VERSION

S et atop Cerro Murphy, the hill its named after, the ob- servatory, run by the Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CAMK), currently hosts one infrared telescope and four optical telescopes. A new optical telescope, the largest Polish telescope to date with a 2.5-metre mirror, will be installed in the future, with the start of operations planned for 2025. [P. Karczmarek/CAMK/ESO] The data gathered at the Observa- tory will be important for determin- ing precisely the expansion rate of the Universe. Located in the high and dry Ata- cama Desert, the observing condi- tions are among the best in the world. As well as sharing pristine skies with other ESO telescopes — ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) is under construction on the neighbouring Cerro Armazones, and Cerro Paranal, where ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) is located, is just 20 kilometres away — the sep- arate facilities will share resources such as fibre optic cables for inter- net and access roads. In addition to the renewed scientific capability of the Observatory, the inauguration also marks a new era in its operation. In 2020, leadership was transferred from the Ruhr Uni- versity Bochum (RUB) and the Catholic University of the North (UCN), who had jointly run it since 2005, to CAMK. Formerly called the Cerro Armazones Observatory, the new name honours Rolf Chini, a professor at RUB who is credited with the creation and development of the observatory, and Cerro Mur- phy, the hill it resides on. The new optical telescopes include the 1.5-metre telescope Janusz Kału ż ny, for imaging and high res- olution spectroscopy, as well as the 0.8-metre telescope Zbigniew “Zibi” Kołaczkowski and the 0.6-metre telescope Wojtek Krzemi ń ski, both for imaging. In addition, a new 2.5- metre telescope, the largest Polish telescope to date, will be added to the Observatory, with the start of operations planned for 2025. From the Observatory’s previous opera- for three new optical telescopes, which will join existing facilities to explore how fast the Universe is ex- panding. The Observatory is dedi- cated to the Araucaria Project, a collaboration between astronomers from Chile, the USA and Europe, fo- cused on improving the calibration of the extragalactic distance scale, a combination of methods by which astronomers measure the distance of objects throughout the Universe. tions are the 0.8-metre InfraRed Im- aging System (IRIS), an infrared imager, and the 30-centimetre BMK10k, a robotic, wide-field cam- era operated by the Leibniz-Insti- tute for Astrophysics in Potsdam.     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ FreeAstronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ 35 ﻧﺴ ﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻞ ﺳ و ﻣ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺻﺪ ﺪﻳﺮﻩ اﻟﺬ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻧﻴ ﻮﻻس ﻮﺑﺮﻴ ﻮس اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻀ ﻒ اﻷ ﺎد ﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم ﺣﺎﻟ ًﺎ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮ ًﺎ واﺣﺪًا ﻌﻤﻞ ﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ـاﻟ ﻤﺮاء و أرﻌﺔ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮ ﺎت ﺼﺮ ﺔ . ﺳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛ ﺐ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﺼﺮيﺟﺪ ﺪ وﻫﻮ أﻛ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪ ﺣ اﻵن ﻤﺮآة 2.5 ﻣ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺪء اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲﻋﺎم .2025 إﱃ ا ﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف ﻣﺪى ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻜﻮن . ا ﺮﺻـﺪ ﻣﺨﺼـﺺ ـ ـ ﴩوع أراوﻛﺎرﻳﺎ وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎون ﺑ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء ﻓﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ واﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت ا ﺘﺤـﺪة وأوروﺑـﺎ، وﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺤﺴ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ا ﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ـ ﺧﺎرج ا ﺠﺮة وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﻘـﻴﺲ ﺑﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠـﻚ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺟﺴـﺎم ﰲ ﺟﻤﻴـﻊ أﻧﺤـﺎء اﻟﻜـﻮن . اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ا ﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﰲ ا ﺮﺻﺪ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻮﺳـﻊ اﻟﻜـﻮن ﺑﺪﻗـﺔ . ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ا ﺮص ا ﺮﺻﺪ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺮاء أﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﺎ ا ﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ واﻟﺠﺎﻓـﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﻇـﺮوف اﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺑـ اﻷﻓ ﻀـﻞ ﰲ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﻣﺸـﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺴـﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻘﻴ ـﺔ ﻣ ـﻊ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت ا ﺮﺻـﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜـﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒــ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳــﺔ ﻗﻴــﺪ اﻹ ﻧﺸــﺎء ﰲ ﺳــ و أرﻣﺎزوﻧﻴﺲ ا ﺠﺎورة وﺳ و ﺑﺎراﻧـﺎل ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺟﺪ ﻳﻮ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟـﺪ اً ﻋـﲆ ﺑﻌـﺪ 20 اً ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰ . ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺳﺘﺘﻘﺎﺳـﻢ ﻫـﺬه ا ﻨﺸـﺎت اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴ ـﺔ ا ـﻮارد ﻣﺜ ـﻞ ﻛ ـﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﻴ ـﺎف اﻟﻀــﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﱰﻧ ــﺖ وﻃــﺮق اﻟﻮﺻــﻮل وﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ اﻟﻘ ـﺪرة اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ـﺔ ا ﺘﺠ ـﺪدة ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ، ﻓﺈن اﻻﻓﺘﺘـﺎح ﻳﻤﺜـﻞ أﻳﻀًـﺎ ﺣﻘﺒـﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ . ﰲ ﻋﺎم 2020 ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﻴـﺎدة ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ اﻟﺮور ﻮﺧﻮم ﰲ ﺑ ﺑﺎ ﺎﻧﻴـﺎ وﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ اﻟﺸـﻤﺎل اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺘـ ﻛﺎﻧﺘـﺎ ﺗـﺪﻳﺮاﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﱰك ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم 2005 إﱃ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻧﻴﻜـﻮﻻس ﻛﻮﺑﺮﻧﻴﻜـﻮس اﻟﻔﻠﻜ ـﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻸﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴ ـﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم . ﻛﺎن ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘ ﺎً ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺳ و أرﻣﺎزوﻧﻴﺲ وﺟﺎء اﻻ ﺳﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺎً ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻤ ﻟﺮوﻟـﻒ ﺗﺸـﻴﻨﻲ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ اﻟـﺮور ﰲ ﺑﻮﺧـﻮم اﻟـﺬي ﻳُﻨﺴﺐ إﻟﻴ ﻪ اﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﰲ إﻧﺸﺎء ا ﺮﺻﺪ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮه أﻣﺎ " " ﺳ و ﻣﻮرﰲ ﻓﻬﻮ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ا ﺮﺻﺪ . ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺸـﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺒ ـ ـ ﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ـﺪة ﴫ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻳﺎﻧﻮش ﻛﺎﻟﻮزﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄـﺮه 1.5 ﻣﱰ ﻟﻠﺘ ﺼﻮﻳﺮ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻔـﻲ ﻋـﺎﱄ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﺗ ﻠﺴﻜﻮب زﺑﻴﻐﻨﻴﻮ " زﻳﺒﻲ " ﻛﻮﻻﺗﺸﻜﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮه 0.8 اً ﻣـﱰ وﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﻮﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﺮزﻣﻴﻨﺴﻜﻲ اﻟـﺬي ﻳﺒﻠـﻎ ﻗﻄﺮه 0.6 اً ﻣﱰ وﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ . ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮه 2.5 اﻣﱰ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪي اﻷﻛـﱪ ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻵن ﺳﻴﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ إﱃ ا ﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺑـﺪء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ا ﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎم 2025 . إن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺻﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﺟﻬﺰة ﻧﻈـﺎم اﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﺗﺤـﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء اﻳﺮﻳﺲ) ( ﺑﻘﻄﺮ 0.8 اﻣﱰ وﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤـﺮاء وﻛـﺎﻣ ا BMK10k ﺑﻘﻄﺮ 30 ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﱰاً وﻫـﻲ ﻛـﺎﻣ ا روﺑﻮﺗﻴـﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ا ﺠﺎل ﻳﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻻﻳﺒﻨﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻮﺗﺴﺪ ام . ﰲ ا ﺎﻧﻴﺎ - ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ 2 0 2 4