Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2023 ARABIC VERSION

Abell 370, bending and magnifying the light from the more distant su- pernova located behind the cluster. The three paths were of three dif- ferent lengths, so when the light ar- rived at Hubble (on the same day in December 2010), the supernova ap- peared at three different stages of evolution. The Hubble exposure also captured the fading super- nova’s rapid change of colour, which in- dicates its changing temperature. The bluer the colour, the hotter the super- nova is. The earliest phase captured ap- pears blue. As the su- pernova cooled its light turned redder. This is also the first time astronomers have been able to measure the size of a dying star in the early Universe. They did this by observing the supernova’s bright- ness and rate of cool- ing, both of which depend on the size of the progenitor star. Hubble’s observa- tions show that the red supergiant whose supernova explosion the researchers dis- covered had a radius about 500 times larger than the Sun. An international team of astronomers found this supernova by sifting through the Hubble data archives, looking for transient events. The team also has time planned for the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Tele- scope to observe even more distant su- pernovae. They hope to contribute to a cat- alogue of very far-off supernovae to help astronomers understand if the stars that existed many billions of years ago are different from those in the nearby Universe.     ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٤٥ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد . ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ا ﺴـﺎرات اﻟﺜﻼﺛـﺔ ذات ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ أﻃـﻮال ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ، ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ وﺻﻞ اﻟﻀﻮء إﱃ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ) ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺲ اﻟﻴــﻮم ﰲ دﻳﺴ ـﻤﱪ ٢٠١٠ ( ﻇﻬـﺮ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ﰲ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﻄــﻮر . ﻛﻤـــﺎ اﻟــﺘﻘﻂ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ أﻳ ﻀًﺎ اﻟﺘﻐ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻮن ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ا ﺘﻼﳾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸ إﱃ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ ا ﺘﻐـ ة . ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻠﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ زرﻗﺔ ﻛﺎن ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ أﻛﺜـﺮ . ﺳــﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ا ﺮﺣﻠــﺔ اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗـﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق . ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑـﺮد ا ﺴــﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈ ـﻢ ﺗﺤــﻮل ﺿـﻮءه إﱃ اﻟﻠـﻮن اﻷﺣﻤـﺮ . ﻫﺬه أﻳﻀً ﺎ ﻫـﻲ ا ـﺮة اﻷوﱃ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳـﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎسﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻣﺤﺘﴬ ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺎت اﻟﻜـﻮن . ﻟﻘﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻮا ذﻟﻚ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻣﺮاﻗﺒـﺔ ﺳـﻄﻮع ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈ ـﻢ وﻣﻌ ـﺪل اﻟﺘﱪﻳــﺪ وﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺠـﻢ اﻟــﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺴــﻠﻒ . ﺗُﻈﻬــﺮ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ أن اﻟﻌﻤــﻼق اﻷﺣﻤــﺮ اﻟــﺬي اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎء اﻧﻔﺠـ و ﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ ﺮ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻌ ﻟـﻪ ﻧﺼـﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ أﻛﱪ ﺑﺤﻮاﱄ ٥٠٠ ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ . وﺟـﺪ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ دوﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻫـﺬا ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑ ﻐﺮﺑﻠﺔ أرﺷﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺤﺜًﺎ ﻋﻦ أﺣﺪاث ﻋﺎﺑﺮة وﻗـﺪ وﺿـﻊ اﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ أﻳﻀًـﺎ ﻣﺨﻄﻄًـﺎ زﻣﻨﻴًـﺎ ﻟ ﺘﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﺟﻴﻤﺲ وﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻴـﺎم ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺑ ﺮﺻـﺪ ـــــ ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ اﻷﺑﻌـﺪ ، ﻓﻬـﻢ ﻳـﺄﻣﻠﻮن ا ﺴـﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘـﺎﻟﻮج ا ﺴـﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺟﺪًا ﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺪة ﺑﻼﻳ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻨ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪة ﻳﺎت ﻧﻈﺮ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺻﺪ ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤـﺎﱄ و ا ﻮﺟـﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﻜـﻮن اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ . اﻟﺘﻘﻂ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮب ﻫﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟ ـ ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ﺛﻼث ﻟ ـ ﺤﻈﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮأﻋﻈﻢ ﻌ ﺪ ﺟﺪًا ﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲﺻﻮرة واﺣﺪة ! ﻓﻲﻫﺬﻩ اﻟ ـ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، ﻋﻤﻠﺖ اﻟ ـ ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻘﻮد اﻟﻤﺠﺮي Abell 370 ﻛﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﻮﻧ ﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء وﺗﻀﺨ ﻤﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻷ ﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد ﺣ ﺚ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺜ . أﻧﺘﺞ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء أ ﻀًﺎ ﺻﻮرًا ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار ﻓ ات زﻣﻨ ﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺻﻠﺖ ﻤ ﻌﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ ُﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﺮ ﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﺟﺰءًا ﻣﻦ Abell 370 . ﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸ اﻟﻤﺮﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد داﺧﻞ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺗﻌﺪد ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻟ ﻌ .ﺪ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﻔﻠ ﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻜ ة ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺪ ﺪ ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻟﻀﻮء ﻟﻠﺼﻮر اﻟﺜﻼث ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ . ـ ُﻈﻬﺮاﻟ اﻧﻔﺠﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ ا ﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷ ﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﻔﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺮة اﻟ ﻌ ﺪة اﻟ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈﻢ . ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟ ـ ﺨﻄﻮط ﻛ ﻒ ﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟ ـ ﺠﺎذﺑ ﺔ ﻣﻊ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻌﺾاﻟﻀﻮء ﻣﺴﺎرات أﻃﻮل ﻋ " ود ﺎن " اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﻮﻩ . أﻧﺘﺞ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء ﻓ ات زﻣﻨ ﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺻﻠﺖ ﻤ ﻌﻬﺎ إﻟﻰﻫﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻲوﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ ﺛﻼثﺻﻮرﻟﻼﻧﻔﺠﺎرﻋﻠﻰﻣﺪ . ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓ اﻳﺮ 2023