Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2023 ARABIC VERSION

T Three faces of evolving supernova in early Universe by NASA/ESA Bethany Downer hree different moments in a far-off supernova explosion were captured in a single snapshot by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The progenitor star exploded more than 11 billion years ago, when the Universe was less than a fifth of its current age of 13.8 bil- lion years. This is the first detailed look at a supernova at such an early time in the Universe’s evolution. The data could help scientists learn more about the formation of stars and galaxies in the early Universe. This observation was possible thanks to the phenomenon called gravita- tional lensing, as first predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativ- ity. In this case, the light took three different paths through the cosmic lens of the massive galaxy cluster ٤٤ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ﺛﻼثﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻟﺘﻄﻮراﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰﻓﻲاﻟ ﻮن اﻟﻤ ﻜﺮ : ﻘﻠﻢ ﺑ ﺜﺎﻧﻲ داوﻧﺮ و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﺛﻼث ﻟﺤﻈﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈﻢ ﺑﻌﻴـﺪ ا ﻨـﺎل ﰲ ﻟﻘﻄـﺔ واﺣـﺪة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴـﻜﻮب ﻫﺎﺑـﻞ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳﺎ / وﻛﺎﻟـﺔ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎء ا ﻷوروﺑﻴـﺔ . اﻧﻔﺠـﺮ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺬ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ١١ ﻣﻠﻴـﺎر ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧُﻤﺲ ﻋﻤﺮه اﻟﺤﺎﱄ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ١٣.٨ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ . اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ١٣.٨ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺳﻨﺔ ﻫﺬه ﻫـﻲ أول ﻧﻈـﺮة ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺮ أﻋﻈـﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬا اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ا ﺒﻜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻄـﻮر اﻟﻜـﻮن . ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ا ﺰﻳﺪ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وا ﺠـﺮات ﰲ ﺑـﺪاﻳﺎت اﻟﻜـﻮن . ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه ا ﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻈـﺎﻫﺮة ﻋﱪ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻘﻮد ا ﺠﺮي اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ، ا ﺴﻤﺎة ﺑﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻨﺒـﺄت ﺑﻬـﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻷﻳﻨﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ . وﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، ﺳﻠﻚ اﻟﻀﻮء ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴﺎرات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻘﻮد ا ﺠﺮي اﻟﻬﺎﺋـﻞ Abell 370 اﻟﺬي ﻳ ﺤﻨﻲ وﻳﻜـﱪ اﻟﻀـﻮء ﻣـﻦ ا ﺴــﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈــﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﻴــﺪ ا ﻮﺟــﻮد ﺧﻠــﻒ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ـــــــــــ ﺗﻢ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓ اﻳﺮ 2023 ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮر ﻤﺲ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟ ﺴـﺮى اﻷﻛـ ﺟـ ﺰءًا ﻣـﻦ ﻣ ﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮات Abell 370 ـﺚ ﻇﻬـﺮ اﻟﺼـﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﻌـﺪدة ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈـﻢ ﺣ ﻈﻬـﺮﻓـﻲ أر ـﻊ واﻟـﺬ ﺻـﻮر ﺗ ﻤـﻞ ﻋﻼﻣـﺎت A إﻟـﻰ D ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟ ﻤـ . ﺗُﻈﻬـﺮﻫـﺬﻩ اﻟﺼـﻮر ﺗـﻢ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺸـ ﻞ ﻣﻀـﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﻮاﻗـﻊ اﻟﻤﺠـﺮة اﻟﻤﻀـ ﻔﺔ اﻟـ ﻌﺪ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ واﻷﻟﻮان اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻤ د ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮرﻩ .