Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2023 ARABIC VERSION

University of Bristol. Having such a complete roster of chemical ingredi- ents in an exoplanet atmosphere also gives scientists a glimpse of the abundance of different elements in relation to each other, such as car- bon-to-oxygen or potassium-to-oxy- gen ratios. That, in turn, provides insight into how this planet – and perhaps others – formed out of the disk of gas and dust surrounding the parent star in its younger years. WASP-39 b’s chemical inventory sug- gests a history of smashups and mergers of smaller bodies called planetesimals to create an eventual goliath of a planet. “The abundance of sulfur [relative to] hydrogen indi- cated that the planet presumably experi- enced significant ac- cretion of planetes- imals that can deliver [these ingredients] to the atmosphere,” said Kazumasa Ohno, a UC Santa Cruz exo- planet researcher who worked on Webb data. “The data also indicates that the oxy- gen is a lot more abundant than the carbon in the atmos- phere. This potentially indicates that WASP- 39 b originally formed far away from the cen- tral star.” In so precisely parsing an exoplanet atmos- phere, the Webb tele- scope’s instruments performed well be- yond scientists’ expec- tations – and promise a new phase of explo- ration among the broad variety of exo- planets in the galaxy. “These results are a confirmation of the ability of the JWST in- struments to probe the atmospheres of all types of exoplanets, including small and rocky worlds,” says Enric Pallé, IAC re- searcher who partici- pated in the study. “We are going to be able to see the big picture of exoplanet atmos- pheres,” said Laura Flagg, a re- searcher at Cornell University and a member of the international team. “It is incredibly exciting to know that everything is going to be rewritten. That is one of the best parts of being a scientist.”     JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2023 ﻣﺠﻠﺔ Astronomy ﺎﻟﻌﺮ ﺔ ٣٥ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ا ﺮﻛـﺰي . ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻛـﺎن أداء أﺟﻬـﺰة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء وﺗﻌـﺪ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف ﺑ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴـﺔ ﰲ ا ﺠـﺮة . إن ﻫـﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻗﺪرة أ ﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﻋﲆ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮ ي ﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻮاﻟﻢ اﻟﺼﻐ ة واﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ و ﺳﻨﻜﻮن ﻗـﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋـﲆ رؤﻳ ـﺔ اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟﻜﺒ ـ ة ﻟﻸﻏﻠﻔ ـﺔ اﻟﺠﻮﻳــﺔ ﻟ ﻠﻜﻮاﻛﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺜـ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ﻣﻌﺮ ﻓﺔ أﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﺘﻢ إﻋﺎدة ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻞ ﳾء . ــﻮي ﻟ ﻮﻛـﺐﺧــﺎرج اﻟﻤ ﻤﻮﻋــﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴــ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻤـﻼق اﻟﻐــﺎزي اﻟﺴــﺎﺧﻦ ـﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻐــﻼف ا ﺗـﻢ اﻟﻜﺸــﻒﻋــﻦ ﺗ WASP-39 b ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﺴ ﻮبﺟ ﻤﺲو ﺐ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲﺟ ﻤﺲو ﺐ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺎﺳﺎ . ُﻈﻬﺮﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ أرﻌﺔ أﻃ ﺎف إرﺳﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻬﺰة ﻟﺘﻠﺴ ﻮب وﯾب ﺗﻌﻤـــــــﻞ ﻓـــــــﻲ أرﻌـــــــﺔ أوﺿـــــــﺎع ﺗــــــــﻢ ـــــــﺎس رﺳـــــــﻤﻬﺎ ﻤ ﻌًـــــــﺎ ﻋﻠـــــــﻰ ﻣﻘ ﺷــــــــــﺎﺋﻊ ﻤﺘــــــــــﺪ ﻣــــــــــﻦ ٠.٥ إﻟــــــــــﻰ ٥.٥ . ﻣ ﻜﺮون ﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻴ ﻃ ﻒ اﻹرﺳـﺎل ﻣــــﻦ ﺧــــﻼل ﻣﻘﺎرــــﺔ ﺿــــﻮء اﻟﻨﺠـــــﻮم ــــﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺷــــﻴﺤﮫ ﻋــــ اﻟﻐــــﻼف اﻟــــﺬ ـاﻟ ﺠﻮي ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛﺐ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺤﺮﻛﮫ أﻣﺎم اﻟـــــﻨ ﻢ ، إﻟـــــﻰﺿـــــﻮء اﻟﻨﺠـــــ ﻮم ﻏــــــ ــــــــﺘﻢ اﻛﺘﺸــــــــﺎﻓﮫ اﻟﻤﺮﺷــــــــﺢ اﻟــــــــﺬ ــــــــــﻮن اﻟ ﻮﻛــــــــــﺐ ﺑﺠﺎﻧــــــــــﺐ ﻋﻨــــــــــﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ اﻟـﻨ ﻢ . ـﻞ ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻘـﺎط ﺗﻤﺜـﻞ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧـــــــــﺎت ﻋﻠـــــــــﻰﻫـــــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳـــــــــﻮم ــــﺔ ﻣﻘــــﺪار اﻟﻄــــﻮل اﻟﻤــــﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧ ــــــــــﮫ ﻳﺤﺠ اﻟﻤﺤــــــــــﺪد ﻟﻠﻀــــــــــﻮء اﻟــــــــــﺬ اﻟ ﻮﻛــﺐ و ﻤﺘﺼــﮫ ﻏﻼﻓــﮫ اﻟــ ـ . ﺠﻮي ـــــــﺔ اﻟـــــــ ﺗﻈﻬـــــــﺮ اﻷﻃـــــــﻮال اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻤﺘﺼــــــﻬﺎ اﻟﻐــــــﻼف اﻟــــــ ـ ﺠﻮيﻋﻠــــــﻰ ﺷــــ ﻞ ﻗﻤــــﻢ ﻓــــﻲ اﻟ ــــﻒ ـ اﻟــــ . ﻄ ﺨﻂ اﻷزرق ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ـﺎر اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧـﺎت و ﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘ ﺎﻓـﺔ ـ اﻟـــــــ ﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓـــــــﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻮﻛــــــــﺐ WASP-39b وﻧ ﻤـــــــــــــــــﮫ ) ﻋﻠـــــــــــــــــﻰ ﺳـــــــﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜـــــــﺎل ـ اﻟـــــــ ﺤ ﻢ واﻟﻜﺘﻠـــــــﺔ ودرﺟــــــــﺔ اﻟــــــــ ـ ( ﺤﺮارة ، واﻟــــــــ ـ ﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺿــﺔ ﻟﻠﻐــﻼف اﻟــ ـ ﻓــﻲ و ﺠﻮي أﻋﻠــــــــﻰ اﻟ ﺴــــــــﺎر ﺗُﻈﻬــــــــﺮاﻟﺒ ﺎﻧــــــــﺎت ﺑﻮاﺳـــــﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺸـــــﻌﺮ ) ﻧﺎرﺳـــــ ﺲ ( ﺼــــﻤﺎت ا وﺟـــــﻮد ﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳـــــﻴﻮم )K ( واﻟﻤـــــــــــــــﺎء ) H2O ( وأول أﻛﺴـــــــــــــــ ﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﻮن (CO) . ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟ ﻤـ ﻣـﻦ ـﺎﻣ ا ـﺎم ) ﻧ ( ًــﺎ ﺗﻮﻗ ﻌًـﺎ ﻣﺎﺋ ــــﺎرزًا . ﻓــــﻲ أﺳــــﻔﻞ اﻟ ﺴــــﺎر ، ﺗﺸــــ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧــــﺎت ﻣــــﻦ ــــﺎف ( ﻧــــ ) ﻣﻄ إﻟــــﻰ ــــــــﺖ اﻟﻤــــــــﺎء وﺛــــــــﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴــــــــ ﺪ اﻟﻜ ) SO2 ( وﺛـــــــﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴـــــــ ﺪ اﻟﻜﺮـــــــﻮن ) CO2 ( وأول أﻛﺴــــــــــــ ﺪ اﻟﻜﺮـــــــــــــﻮن )CO .( ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ، ﺗﻜﺸـﻒ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺑ ﺎﻧﺎت ( ﻧ) ﻣﻄ ﺎف اﻹﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻋﻦ ــﻞ ﻫــﺬﻩ ا ﺰ ﺌــﺎت ﺎﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟــﻰ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم )Na .( ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓ اﻳﺮ 2023