Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2023 ARABIC VERSION

ﺗﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ spooky spider web, magical dragons or wispy trails of ghosts? What do you see in this image of the Vela supernova remnant? This beautiful tapestry of colours shows the ghostly remains of a gigantic star, and was captured here in incredible detail with the VLT Survey Telescope, hosted at the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO’s) Paranal site in Chile. The wispy structure of pink and or- ange clouds is all that remains of a massive star that ended its life in a powerful explosion around 11,000 years ago. When the most massive stars reach the end of their life, they often go out with a bang, in an out- burst called a supernova. These explosions cause shock waves that move through the surrounding gas, compressing it and creating in- tricate thread-like structures. The energy released heats the gaseous tendrils, making them shine brightly, as seen in this image. In this 554-million-pixel image, we get an extremely detailed view of the Vela supernova remnant, named after the southern constellation Vela (The Sails). You could fit nine full Moons in this entire image, and the whole cloud is even larger. At only 800 light-years away from Earth, this dramatic supernova remnant is one of the closest known to us. As it exploded, the outermost layers of the progenitor star were ejected into the surrounding gas, producing the spectacular filaments that we observe here. What remains of the star is an ultra-dense ball in which the protons and electrons are forced together into neutrons — a neutron star. The neutron star in the Vela remnant, placed slightly out- side of this image to the upper left, happens to be a pulsar that spins on its own axis at an incredible speed of more than 10 times per second. This image is a mosaic of observa- tions taken with the wide-field cam- era OmegaCAM at the VLT Survey Telescope (VST), hosted at ESO’s Paranal Observatory in Chile. The 268-million-pixel camera can take images through several filters that let through light of different colours. In this particular image of the Vela remnant, four different fil- ters were used, represented here by a combination of magenta, blue, green and red. The VST is owned by The National Institute for Astrophysics in Italy, INAF, and with its 2.6-metre mirror it is one of the largest telescopes dedicated to surveying the night sky in visible light. This image is an example from such a survey: the VST Photometric H α Survey of the Southern Galactic Plane and Bulge (VPHAS+). For over seven years, this survey has mapped a considerable portion of our home galaxy, allow- ing astronomers to better under- stand how stars form, evolve and eventually die.    JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2023 ﻋﻨﻜﺒﻮت ﻣﺨﻴﻔﺔ أم ﺗﻨﺎﻧ ﺳﺤﺮﻳﺔ أم آﺛﺎر أﺷﺒﺎح؟ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺮى ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ؟ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﴩاع . ﻳُﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻮ ان اﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺸـﺒﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻤﻼق وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟﺪاً ا ﻮﺟﻮد ﰲ ا ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑ ﺑ ﻲ ﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺎراﻧﺎل ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ . إن اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻴﻮم اﻟﻮردﻳﺔ واﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ أﻧﻬﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻗﻮي ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺣـﻮاﱄ ١١٠٠٠ . ﻋﺎم ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼ ﻞ أﺿ ﺨﻢ اﻟﻨﺠـﻮم إﱃ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻟ) ،( ﺴﻮﺑﺮﻧﻮﻓﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ﺑ ﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﺻﺪﻣ ﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﱪ اﻟﻐﺎز ا ﺤﻴﻂ وﺗﻀﻐﻄ ﻪ وﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺨﻴﻮط و ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ا ﻨﺒﻌﺜـﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺗﺴﺨ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺳـﺎ ﻃﻊ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة . ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺔ ٥٥٤ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺑﻜﺴﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺮض ﺗﻔﺼﻴﲇ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﴩاع و اﻟﺬي ﺳـﻤﻲ اﱃ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﴩاع اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ) اﻷﴍﻋﺔ .( ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ اﺣﺘـﻮاء ﺗﺴـﻌﺔ أﻗﻤـﺎر ﺑـﺪر ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ واﻟﺴـﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬـﺎ أﻛـﱪ . ﺗﻌﺘــــﱪ ﺑﻘ ﺎﻳــــﺎ ا ﺴــــﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈــــﻢ ) اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮﻧﻮﻓﺎ ( اﻟﺪراﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺪ ٨٠٠ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿــﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻘــﻂ ﻣــﻦ اﻷرض ﻣــﻦ أﻗــﺮب ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ . ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻧﻔﺠﺮ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻗﺬف ﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ إﱃ ﻏـﺎز ﻳﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑـﻪ ــــ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﱃ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺧﻴﻮط ﻣﺬﻫﻠـﺔ ﻧﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻫﺎ إن .ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻛـﺮة ﺷـﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ ﻳــ ﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ دﻓــﻊ اﻟﱪوﺗﻮﻧــﺎت واﻹﻟﻜﱰوﻧﺎت ﻣﻌًﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت - ﻧﺠﻢ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻲ . إن اﻟﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻴـﻮﺗﺮوﻧﻲ ا ﻮﺟـﻮد ﰲ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ا ﺴﺘﻌﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﴩاع إﱃ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة إﱃ أﻋﲆ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﺄﻧـﻪ ﺑ ﺻﺎدف ﻧﺠﻢ ﻧﺎﺑﺾ ﻳﺪور ﻋﲆ ﻣﺤﻮره ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ١٠ ﻣﺮات ﰲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ . ن إ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻓﺴﻴﻔﺴـﺎء ﻣـﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛـﺎﻣ ا ) اوﻣﻴﻐﺎ ﻛﺎم اتذ ( ا ﺠﺎل اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﻜﺒ ﺟـﺪاً اﻟـﺬي ﺗـﻢ اﺳﺘﻀـﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺮﺻﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ . ﰲ ﺗﺸﻴﲇ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﻣ ا اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ دﻗﺘﻬﺎ ٢٦٨ ﻣﻠﻴـﻮن ﺑﻜﺴـﻞ اﻟﺘﻘ ـﺎط اﻟﺼـﻮر ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل ﻋـﺪة ﻣﺮﺷـﺤﺎت ﺗﺴـﻤﺢ ﺑﻤـﺮور اﻟﻀـﻮء ﺑـﺄﻟﻮان و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬه اﻟﺼـﻮرة ا ﺤـﺪدة ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳـﺎ اﻟﴩاع ﺗ ﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أ رﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺑﻤـﺰﻳﺞ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻠـﻮن اﻷرﺟـﻮاﻧﻲ واﻷزرق واﻷﺧﴬواﻷﺣﻤﺮ . ﺗﻌﻮد ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب ا ﺴﺢ اﻟﻜﺒـ ﺟـﺪاً إﱃ ا ﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰ ﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـ ﺔ ﰲ إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴـﺎ وﻣﻊ ﻣﺮآﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ٢.٦ ﻣﱰًا ﻳﻌﺪ واﺣـﺪًا ﻣﻦ أﻛﱪ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت ا ﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺴﺢ ﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ اﻟﻀﻮء ا ﺮﺋﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﻔﻬﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ وﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ . ﺗﻮﺿـﺢ ﻫــﺬﻩ اﻟﺼــﻮرة ﻃﺮ ﻘـــــــــﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟــــــــــﺠﺔ ـــــــــــــﺔ ﻟ اﻟﺮﻗﻤ ـــــــــــــﺔ ﻌﻤﻠ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻧـﺎت ــــــــــﺘﻢ ـــــــــﺔ اﻟــــــــــ اﻷوﻟ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬــــﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳــــﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﺴــــــــــــــــ ﻮب إﻟــــــــــــــــﻰ ـــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ ﺻـــــــــــــــــــــــﻮرة ﻓﻠﻜ ﻣﺬﻫﻠـــــــــــــــــــﺔ ﻬـــــــــــــــــــﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮﺿـــــــــــــــــــﺤﺔ ﻫﻨـــــــــــــــــــﺎ ــــــﺎ ﺗُﻈﻬــــــﺮ ﻘﺎ واﻟــــــ اﻟﻤﺴــــــــﺘﻌﺮاﻷﻋﻈــــــــﻢ اﻟﺸـــﺮاع ﻤـــﺎ رﺻـــﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﺴـــــــــــ ﻮب اﻟﻤﺴــــــــــــﺢ ا ﻟﻜﺒـــ ﺟـــﺪاً ﺎﻟﻤﺮﺻـــﺪ اﻷوروﺑــــﻲ اﻟـــــﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸ ﻠﻲ . ﺷ ﻜﺔ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓ اﻳﺮ 2023