Free Astronomy Magazine January-February 2023 ARABIC VERSION

Record-breaking galaxies in Abell 2744 by NASA/ESA/CSA Ray Villard Christine Pulliam few days after officially starting science operations, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope propelled astronomers into a realm of early galaxies, previ- ously hidden beyond the grasp of all other telescopes until now. “Everything we see is new. Webb is showing us that there’s a very rich universe beyond what we imag- ined,” said Tommaso Treu of the University of California at Los Ange- les, principal investigator on one of the Webb programs. “Once again the universe has surprised us. These early galaxies are very unusual in many ways.” Two research papers, led by Marco Castellano of the National Institute for Astrophysics in Rome, Italy, and Rohan Naidu of the Harvard-Smith- sonian Center for Astrophysics and the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology in Cambridge, Massachu- setts, have been published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters . These initial findings are from a broader Webb research initiative in- volving two Early Release Science (ERS) programs: the Grism Lens-Am- plified Survey from Space (GLASS), and the Cosmic Evolution Early Re- lease Science survey (CEERS). With just four days of analysis, re- searchers found two exceptionally bright galaxies in the GLASS-JWST images. These galaxies existed ap- proximately 450 and 350 million years after the big bang (with a red- shift of approximately 10.5 and 12.5, respectively), though future spectro- scopic measurements with Webb will help confirm. “With Webb, we were amazed to find the most distant starlight that anyone had ever seen, just days after Webb released its first data,” said Naidu of the more distant ﻣﺠﺮاتﺣﻄﻤﺖ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲأﺑﻴﻞ ٢٧٤٤ : ﻘﻠﻢ رايﻓ ﻼرد ﺑﻮﻟ ﺎم ﻛﺮﺴﺘ و ﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ / و ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷوروﺑ ﺔ ﻳﺎمأ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺟـﻴﻤﺲ وﻳـﺐ اﻟﻔﻀـﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘـﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ اﻧ ﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ إﱃ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣـﻦ ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺨﺒﺄة ﰲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪًا ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﺎول ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى إن . " ﺣﺘـﻰ اﻵن ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﻧـﺮاه ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ، ﻗـﺎل ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺳﻮ ﺗﺮﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻟﻮس أﻧﺠﻠﻮس اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﰲ أﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ وﻳﺐ " وﻳﺐ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻛﻮﻧًﺎ ﺛﺮﻳًـﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳـﺔ ــــــــ ــــ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﻴﻠـﻪ " ." ﻣـﺮة أﺧـﺮى ﻓﺎﺟﺄﻧـﺎ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻓ ﻬﺬه ا ﺠﺮات ا ﺒﻜﺮة ﻏ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻮاح ﻛﺜ ة ﻟﻘﺪ . ﺗﻢ ﻧﴩـ ورﻗﺘـ ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺘـ ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة ﻣﺎرﻛﻮ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻴﻼﻧﻮ ﻣﻦ ا ﻌﻬﺪ اﻟـﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ روﻣﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﻄﺎ ﻟﻴﺎ ، وروﻫـﺎن ﻧﺎﻳـﺪو ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﻫﺎرﻓـﺎرد ﺳﻤﻴﺜﺴـﻮﻧﻴﺎن ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴـﺔ وﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺗ ﺸﻮﺳـﺘﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻣﱪﻳﺪج ، ﰲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ ، ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻷوﻟﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺒﺎدرة ﺑﺤﺚ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻴﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠ ﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻹﻃـﻼق ا ﺒﻜـﺮة : ﻋﺪﺳـﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺴﻢ ا ﻜﱪة ا ﺎﺳﺤ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻀـﺎء ( ﻏـﻼس ) وا ﺴـﺢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ا ﺒﻜـﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻄــﻮر اﻟﻜـﻮﻧﻲ . ــــــ ﺧﻼل أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻳﺎم ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣـﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ وﺟـﺪ اﻟﺒــﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻣﺠــﺮﺗ ﺳــﺎﻃﻌﺘ ﺑﺸــﻜﻞ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋ ﻲ ﰲ ﺻﻮر -( ﻏﻼس) ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ . ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻫﺬه ا ﺠﺮات ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣـﻮاﱄ ٤٥٠ و ٣٥٠ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ) ﻣﻊ اﻧﺰﻳﺎح أﺣﻤﺮ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮاﱄ ١٠.٥ و ١٢.٥ ، ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﻮاﱄ ( ﻋ ـﲆ اﻟ ـﺮﻏﻢ ﻣــﻦ أن اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ـﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴ ـﺔ ا ﺴــﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﺴــﻜﻮب وﻳــﺐ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ذﻟـﻚ . " ﻳﻘـﻮل ﻧﺎﻳـﺪو ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳ : ﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب وﻳﺐ أدﻫﺸـﻨﺎ ا ﻟﻌﺜـﻮر ﻋﲆ أﺑﻌـﺪ ﺿـﻮء ﻧﺠـﻢ رآه أي ﺷـﺨﺺﻋـﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق ﺑﻌﺪ أﻳﺎم ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ إﺻﺪار وﻳـﺐ ﻷول ﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗ واﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﺮة ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ( ﻏـﻼس ) ــ ﻌﺪ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻓ اﻳﺮ 2023